QA討論：中國(guó)歷史上有哪些事件沒(méi)有記載在中國(guó)官方史籍中，但在其他國(guó)家的史籍中卻有記載？
What are some events in Chinese history that were not recorded in Chinese official historical records, but were uncovered in historical records of other countries?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
網(wǎng)友：我知道一個(gè)。讓我們從別的事情開(kāi)始講故事。大家都知道這個(gè)帝國(guó)吧？這就是奧斯曼土耳其帝國(guó)，它是中世紀(jì)末期歐洲人的噩夢(mèng)。14 世紀(jì)，奧斯曼人吞并了塞爾維亞并包圍了拜占庭首都君士坦丁堡......
正文翻譯
奧斯曼帝國(guó)與帖木兒帝國(guó)
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原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
What are some events in Chinese history that were not recorded in Chinese official historical records, but were uncovered in historical records of other countries?
Well I know one.
Let’s begin the story with something else.
Everyone knows this empire right? This is the Turkish Ottomans Empire which was a nightmare of the European people by the end of Middle Ages.
During the 14th century the Ottomans annexed Serbia and surrounded Byzantine’s capital Constantinople. They fought in several wars against the Christian European countries and they won most of the wars.
In 1396, a famous war broke out, that was the Battle of Nicopolis (aka The Ottomans-Hungary War), in this war the Ottomans Empire defeated the crusade formed by dozens of Christian Europeans countries with great casualties
謝謝邀請(qǐng)。
中國(guó)歷史上有哪些事件沒(méi)有被中國(guó)官方歷史記錄所記錄，但在其他國(guó)家的歷史記錄中卻被發(fā)現(xiàn)？
我知道一個(gè)。
讓我們從別的事情開(kāi)始講故事。
大家都知道這個(gè)帝國(guó)吧？這就是奧斯曼土耳其帝國(guó)，它是中世紀(jì)末期歐洲人的噩夢(mèng)。
14 世紀(jì)，奧斯曼人吞并了塞爾維亞并包圍了拜占庭首都君士坦丁堡。他們與基督教歐洲國(guó)家進(jìn)行了幾次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，并贏得了大多數(shù)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
1396 年，一場(chǎng)著名的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)了，那就是尼科波利斯戰(zhàn)役（又名奧斯曼-匈牙利戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)），在這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，奧斯曼帝國(guó)以巨大的傷亡擊敗了由數(shù)十個(gè)基督教歐洲國(guó)家組成的十字軍。
As a result, Ottomans Empire kept expanding their territory in East Europe and West Asia. No one could stop them. The European Christians were deeply scared and everyone was worried about the future. The Byzantine Emperor even tried to give up and flee Constantinople.
But just 6 years after the Battle of Nicopolis, something unexpected happened.
Another empire which was even stronger than the Ottomans Empire rose in the east of the Ottomans. That was the Timurid Empire.
In July, 1402, Timur, the founder and the Great Khan of the Timurid Dynasty, ordered an army with 150 thousand soldiers to invade Ottomans Empire, in the Battle of Ankara they defeated the Ottomans Empire’s army led by Sultan Bayezid I and even captured him. The Sultan died one year after being captured.
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)交戰(zhàn)國(guó)名單，奧斯曼帝國(guó)擊敗了歐洲國(guó)家的聯(lián)盟，取得了決定性的勝利。
因此，奧斯曼帝國(guó)不斷在東歐和西亞擴(kuò)張領(lǐng)土，無(wú)人能阻擋。歐洲基督徒深感恐懼，人人都對(duì)未來(lái)感到擔(dān)憂(yōu)。拜占庭皇帝甚至試圖放棄并逃離君士坦丁堡。
然而，就在尼科波利斯戰(zhàn)役結(jié)束6年后，意想不到的事情發(fā)生了。
另一個(gè)比奧斯曼帝國(guó)更強(qiáng)大的帝國(guó)在奧斯曼帝國(guó)的東部崛起，那就是帖木兒帝國(guó)。
1402年7月，帖木兒王朝的創(chuàng)始人和大汗帖木兒下令一支由15萬(wàn)士兵組成的軍隊(duì)入侵奧斯曼帝國(guó)，在安卡拉戰(zhàn)役中擊敗了奧斯曼帝國(guó)蘇丹巴耶塞特一世率領(lǐng)的軍隊(duì)，甚至俘虜了他。蘇丹被俘一年后去世。
Ok, above is the background story. Now the main story begins.
After knowing the existence of The Timurid Dynasty, its power and its victory against the Ottomans Empire, the Europeans thought that The Timurid Dynasty maybe is a good target to be allied with to fight against the Ottomans Empire together.
So then many European countries started to send diplomats to the Timurid Empire to improve their relationship with it. One of the most famous diplomats among them was a diplomat sent by The Kingdom of Castile (today’s Spain) whose name is Ruy González de Clavijo[8].
Clavijo arrived in Tīmurid Empire in September, 1404 and left in March, 1406[9]. He didn’t stay there for a long time, but he recorded his experience there in his book Embajada a Tamorlán[10] (English translation: Embassy to Tamerlane[11]) which is now a very important source of the studies of Timurid history.
這是意料之外的事情，帖木兒間接拯救了歐洲人，尤其是拜占庭帝國(guó)。歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為帖木兒的入侵和對(duì)奧斯曼帝國(guó)的勝利，使拜占庭帝國(guó)的滅亡推遲了半個(gè)世紀(jì)。
好了，以上是背景故事，現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始正文。
在知道了帖木兒王朝的存在、它的實(shí)力以及它對(duì)奧斯曼帝國(guó)的勝利之后，歐洲人認(rèn)為帖木兒王朝或許是一個(gè)可以結(jié)盟共同對(duì)抗奧斯曼帝國(guó)的好對(duì)象。
于是歐洲各國(guó)開(kāi)始派遣外交官前往帖木兒帝國(guó)，改善與帖木兒帝國(guó)的關(guān)系。其中最著名的一位外交官是卡斯蒂利亞王國(guó)（今西班牙）派來(lái)的外交官，名叫魯伊·岡薩雷斯·德·克拉維約。
克拉維約于1404年9月抵達(dá)帖木兒帝國(guó)，1406年3月離開(kāi)。他并沒(méi)有在那里待很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，但他在《Embajada a Tamorlán》（英文譯本：克拉維約東使記）一書(shū)中記錄了自己的經(jīng)歷，這本書(shū)現(xiàn)在已成為研究帖木兒歷史的重要資料來(lái)源。
In this book, he recorded his experience of encountering with a group of diplomats sent by an Empire very powerful but almost unknown in the West then—The Chinese Empire (Ming Dynasty).
Back then Clavijo was staying in a famous city called Samarqand[12]. He and his team were well treated there by Timur the Khan.
One day in 1404, a group of diplomats came from the East. from an “unknown” place. They had different lookings and different clothes.
They came to Timur’s palace, asking why he didn’t pay tribute to their Empire for 7 years, telling him to pay the Empire all the tributes he delayed as soon as possible. They had a very tough tone.
Who are they? Where are they from? Who sent them? Why did they come here? Clavijo then found something appalling.
That The Timurid Dynasty was a tributary of the Chinese Ming Dynasty in 1380s and 1390s. In 1396 when Timur decided to start his 2nd conquest towards the West direction, he kidnapped all the foreign diplomats and cut off the diplomatic relation with the Chinese Empire,[13] that’s why the Chinese Emperor[14] was angry and sent the diplomats here to ask him pay all the tributes he delayed since 7 years ago ASAP.
在《克拉維約東使記》這本書(shū)中，他記錄了自己與一群外交官的相遇經(jīng)歷，當(dāng)時(shí)這個(gè)帝國(guó)非常強(qiáng)大，但在西方卻幾乎不為人知——中華帝國(guó)（明朝）。
當(dāng)時(shí)克拉維約住在一個(gè)著名的城市撒馬爾罕，他和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)在那里受到了帖木兒汗的優(yōu)待。
1404年的一天，一群外交官?gòu)臇|方來(lái)，來(lái)自一個(gè)“未知”的地方。他們長(zhǎng)相不同，衣著也不同。
他們來(lái)到帖木兒的宮殿，質(zhì)問(wèn)他為什么連續(xù)七年不向他們的帝國(guó)進(jìn)貢，并告訴他要盡快向帝國(guó)繳納他拖延的所有進(jìn)貢，他們的語(yǔ)氣非常強(qiáng)硬。
他們是誰(shuí)？他們來(lái)自哪里？誰(shuí)派他們來(lái)的？他們?yōu)槭裁磥?lái)這里？克拉維約隨后發(fā)現(xiàn)了一件令人震驚的事情。
帖木兒王朝是1380年代和1390年代中國(guó)明朝的附庸國(guó)。1396 年，當(dāng)帖木兒決定第二次向西方發(fā)動(dòng)征服時(shí)，他綁架了所有外國(guó)使節(jié)，并切斷了與中華帝國(guó)的外交關(guān)系。這讓中國(guó)皇帝非常憤怒，并派使節(jié)來(lái)到這里，要求他盡快繳納七年來(lái)拖延的所有貢品。
Clavijo was totally shocked by this.
We, the European crusades were easily defeated by the Ottomans Empire.
The Ottomans Empire was ass-kicked by the Timurid Dynasty.
And Timurid Dynasty… was a tributary of another powerful Empire that I don’t even know much about except Marco Polo’s records?
Holy crap.
What happened next?
Timur refused Chinese Emperor’s “order” and humiliated his diplomats with words (He said that “Himself will bring these tributes to China” which means he will conquer China one day) . He then wanted to start an invasion towards China, but he suddenly died in the next year due to an acute disease.
After the sudden death of Timur, the Timurid Dynasty soon collapsed and became chaotic. Clavijo left the Empire.
In 1413, one year after Clavijo passed away in Castile, the new Khan of Timurid Dynasty Shah Rukh[15] restored the diplomatic relation with China and restarted to pay an annual tributes to Chinese Empire.
Clavijo’s records was only the second time that an European person has left a detailed report of Interactions with Chinese people and China since Marco Polo.
大明永樂(lè)皇帝（鏈接）
克拉維約對(duì)此感到非常震驚。
我們歐洲十字軍被奧斯曼帝國(guó)輕易擊敗。
奧斯曼帝國(guó)被帖木兒王朝打得落花流水。
而帖木兒王朝... 是另一個(gè)強(qiáng)大帝國(guó)的附庸國(guó)，除了馬可波羅的記錄，我對(duì)這個(gè)帝國(guó)知之甚少？
天哪。
接下來(lái)發(fā)生了什么？
帖木兒拒絕了中國(guó)皇帝的“命令”，用言語(yǔ)羞辱他的外交官（他說(shuō)“他自己會(huì)把這些貢品帶到中國(guó)”，意思是他有一天會(huì)征服中國(guó)）。然后他想對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)入侵，但他在第二年因急病而突然去世。
帖木兒突然去世后，帖木兒王朝很快崩潰，陷入混亂?？死S約離開(kāi)了帝國(guó)。
1413年，即克拉維約在卡斯蒂利亞去世一年后，帖木兒王朝的新大汗沙魯恢復(fù)了與中國(guó)的外交關(guān)系，并重新開(kāi)始向中華帝國(guó)進(jìn)貢。
克拉維約的記錄是繼馬可·波羅之后，歐洲人第二次詳細(xì)記錄的與中國(guó)人及中國(guó)的交往歷史。
What are some events in Chinese history that were not recorded in Chinese official historical records, but were uncovered in historical records of other countries?
If we look at history, some incidents which occurred in China but was perpetrated by foreigners were simply not recorded in China’s historical records simply because at the time, they were not aware of it or because it was a piece of history which they did not wish to embellish. We can probably illustrate by some examples.
The Tea Trade.
Part of this history is ‘The great tea robbery: how the British stole China’s secrets and seeds – and broke its monopoly on the brew’. England had a great affair with tea in the past and until 170 years ago, the only serious producer and exporter of tea was China and its virtual monopoly was sabotaged – by Britain. Tea remains the most popular drink in the world after water and the global market is forecast to reach US$47.2 billion by 2020. Market growth is largely attributed to the increasing popularity of green tea, which is perceived as having personal health benefits, but in the 19th century it was the health of an entire nation that was at stake because the English fell in love with tea drinking over the past two centuries.
中國(guó)歷史上有哪些事件沒(méi)有被記錄在中國(guó)官方的歷史記錄中，但在其他國(guó)家的歷史記錄中卻被發(fā)現(xiàn)？
如果我們回顧歷史，有些發(fā)生在中國(guó)但由外國(guó)人犯下的事件根本沒(méi)有被記錄在中國(guó)的歷史記錄中，僅僅是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)他們不知道，或者因?yàn)檫@是一段他們不想修飾的歷史。我們可以通過(guò)一些例子來(lái)說(shuō)明。
茶葉貿(mào)易。
這段歷史的一部分是“茶葉大盜：英國(guó)人如何竊取中國(guó)的秘密和種子——并打破其對(duì)茶葉的壟斷”。英國(guó)過(guò)去與茶葉有著密切的關(guān)系，直到170年前，唯一重要的茶葉生產(chǎn)國(guó)和出口國(guó)是中國(guó)，而其事實(shí)上的壟斷地位被英國(guó)破壞了。茶仍然是繼水之后世界上最受歡迎的飲料，預(yù)計(jì)到 2020 年全球市場(chǎng)規(guī)模將達(dá)到472億美元。市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)主要?dú)w因于綠茶越來(lái)越受歡迎，人們認(rèn)為綠茶有利于個(gè)人健康，但在19世紀(jì)，整個(gè)國(guó)家的健康都受到威脅，因?yàn)橛?guó)人在過(guò)去兩個(gè)世紀(jì)里愛(ài)上了喝茶。
Tea changed the role of China on the world stage, because the tea trade gave birth to the colonial territory of Hong Kong – tea drove economic expansion of the British empire in the Far East and Britain’s economy became dependent on tea, which had been a drain on the silver of Britain. As most in Hong Kong are aware, it was to balance its trading account and pay for the tea that the East India Company first began importing opium to China which we will also describe later.
The guy, a plant hunter, a gardener, a thief, and a spy was Robert Fortune who was responsible for having taken quite a few plants from China to the west including the cumquat, a climbing double yellow rose ('Fortune's Double Yellow' (syn. Gold of Ophir) which proved a failure in England's climate) and many varieties of tree peonies, azaleas and chrysanthemums. A climbing white rose that he brought back from China in 1850, believed to be a natural cross between Rosa laevigata and R. banksiae, was dubbed R. fortuniana (syn. R. fortuneana) in his honor. This rose, too, proved a failure in England, preferring warmer climates. Today, both of these roses are still widely grown by antique rose fanciers in mild winter regions. Rosa fortuniana also serves as a valuable root stock in Australia and the southern regions of the United States.
《茶文化及其制備》，中國(guó)（1843 年），英國(guó)藝術(shù)家托馬斯·阿隆創(chuàng)作。
茶改變了中國(guó)在世界舞臺(tái)上的角色，因?yàn)椴枞~貿(mào)易催生了香港這個(gè)殖民地——茶葉推動(dòng)了大英帝國(guó)在遠(yuǎn)東的經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張，英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)始依賴(lài)茶葉，而茶葉曾大量消耗了英國(guó)的白銀。香港大多數(shù)人都知道，東印度公司最初向中國(guó)出口鴉片是為了平衡貿(mào)易并支付茶葉費(fèi)用，我們也將在后面描述。
這個(gè)人是羅伯特·福瓊，他是一名植物獵人、園丁、小偷和間諜，他負(fù)責(zé)將不少植物從中國(guó)帶到西方，包括金橘、攀緣重瓣黃玫瑰（“福瓊黃玫瑰”（同義詞：俄斐金），在英國(guó)的氣候下失敗了）和多種牡丹、杜鵑花和菊花。 1850 年，他從中國(guó)帶回了一株攀緣白玫瑰，被認(rèn)為是金櫻子和木香花的自然雜交品種，為了紀(jì)念他，他給它取名為福瓊尼亞玫瑰（同義詞 R. fortuneana）。這種玫瑰在英國(guó)也遭遇失敗，因?yàn)樗矚g溫暖的氣候。如今，這兩種玫瑰仍然被古老的玫瑰愛(ài)好者在冬季氣候溫和的地區(qū)廣泛種植。Rosa fortuniana 也是澳大利亞和美國(guó)南部地區(qū)的一種寶貴的根莖植物。
Read more: The Great British Tea Heist
Which brings us to the Opium Trade.
Lots of people know about the Opium Wars but what people do not know is how it destroyed a nation by its scale. As a contrast, we can look at statistics from USA in which opioid overdoses killed some 47,600 in 2017 and 42,000 in 2016. In 2016, total global opium production was 6.380 tons and some 53 million opiate users worldwide. But when the British East India Company used opium to finance their consumption of tea, silk and ceramics, the cultivation of the poppy in Bengal increased from 36,400 hectares in 1830 to 71,200 hectares by 1840 and 200,000 hectares in 1900; and with the jump in supply, opium prices fell significantly from 2,500 Spanish silver dollars in 1822 to 585 Silver $ in 1838, resulting in a larger proportion of the Chinese population becoming addicted to it.
1848 年，英國(guó)東印度公司派羅伯特·福瓊前往中國(guó)內(nèi)陸，這是外國(guó)人禁止進(jìn)入的地區(qū)。福瓊的任務(wù)是竊取茶葉種植和制造的秘密。這位蘇格蘭人喬裝打扮，前往五臺(tái)山（我認(rèn)為這是指廈門(mén)附近的武夷山），進(jìn)行了一次大膽的商業(yè)間諜活動(dòng)。福瓊使用了許多不同的手段竊取茶樹(shù)和幼苗，這些是中華帝國(guó)的財(cái)產(chǎn)。他還因使用納撒尼爾·巴格肖·沃德的便攜式沃德式玻璃瓶箱來(lái)養(yǎng)護(hù)植物而聞名。利用這些小型溫室，福瓊將 20000 株茶樹(shù)和幼苗引入了印度大吉嶺地區(qū)。他還非法帶來(lái)了一批受過(guò)訓(xùn)練的中國(guó)茶工，以促進(jìn)茶葉的生產(chǎn)。
閱讀更多：英國(guó)茶葉大劫案（鏈接）
這讓我們想到了鴉片貿(mào)易。
很多人都知道鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，但人們不知道的是它是如何以如此大的規(guī)模摧毀一個(gè)國(guó)家的。作為對(duì)比，我們可以看看美國(guó)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，2017 年阿片類(lèi)藥物過(guò)量導(dǎo)致約 47600 人死亡，2016 年導(dǎo)致 42000 人死亡。2016 年，全球鴉片總產(chǎn)量為 6380噸，全球約有 5300 萬(wàn)鴉片使用者。但是，當(dāng)英國(guó)東印度公司用鴉片來(lái)資助他們消費(fèi)茶葉、絲綢和陶瓷時(shí)，孟加拉的罌粟種植面積從1830年的36400公頃增加到1840年的71200公頃，到1900年增加到了200000公頃；隨著供應(yīng)量的猛增，鴉片價(jià)格從1822年的2500西班牙銀元大幅下跌至1838年的585西班牙銀元，導(dǎo)致中國(guó)更多的人染上了鴉片癮。
So while USA is now just having a problem with opioids, in China at the time it was a pandemic. Millions of Chinese addicts were killed whilst Queen Victoria was on the throne of England from 1837 to 1901, because by 1835, some 90% of the male population under 40 was obsessed with this pleasure –inducing substance.
Read ..Economic effects of the opium wars for imperial China, the downfall of an empire by Muge Kalipci.
It wasn’t just the British who were involved in this saga. France and USA were also getting rich with Chinese silver. The Americans sourced opium from Turkey and carried it to China via Canton and it was a source of great wealth for some notable families in the USA now. The Perkin clan of Boston, Samuel Russell of Connecticut who established Russell and Company and who recruited Warren Delano, the grandfather of president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Robert Bennet Forbes and Paul Sieman Forbes (does the Forbes name sound familiar?). Other names include Cushing, Perkins, Low and Green and these people provided the seed corn for the economic revolution in America. In Pennsylvania, there is a town named Delano and the Perkins family built Boston’s Atheneaum, the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Perkins Institution for the Blind as well as the first railroad in America to carry stone from his quarries to the Bunker Hill monument.
1800 年，中國(guó)鴉片進(jìn)口量為300噸，到1839年第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前后，這一數(shù)字上升到2500 噸。1858年第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，中國(guó)被迫將鴉片進(jìn)口合法化，到1880年，僅中國(guó)就進(jìn)口了 6500噸鴉片！想象一下，2016 年世界鴉片產(chǎn)量只有6380噸。
因此，雖然美國(guó)現(xiàn)在只是面臨阿片類(lèi)藥物問(wèn)題，但當(dāng)時(shí)在中國(guó)，鴉片問(wèn)題已經(jīng)蔓延開(kāi)來(lái)。1837 年至 1901 年，維多利亞女王在位期間，數(shù)百萬(wàn)中國(guó)癮君子喪生，因?yàn)榈?835年，40 歲以下男性人口中約有90%沉迷于這種令人愉悅的物質(zhì)。
閱讀 ..鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)對(duì)中國(guó)王朝的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，一個(gè)帝國(guó)的衰落，作者：穆格·卡利普奇。
參與這一傳奇故事的不僅僅是英國(guó)人。法國(guó)和美國(guó)也因中國(guó)的白銀而致富。美國(guó)人從土耳其采購(gòu)鴉片，經(jīng)廣州運(yùn)往中國(guó)，鴉片如今已成為美國(guó)一些著名家族的巨額財(cái)富來(lái)源。波士頓的珀金家族、康涅狄格州的塞繆爾·羅素（他創(chuàng)立了羅素公司并招募了沃倫·德拉諾，羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)的祖父）、羅伯特·本內(nèi)特·福布斯和保羅·西曼·福布斯（福布斯這個(gè)名字聽(tīng)起來(lái)熟悉嗎？）。其他名字還包括庫(kù)欣、珀金斯、洛和格林，這些人為美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)革命提供了種子。賓夕法尼亞州有一個(gè)名為德拉諾的小鎮(zhèn)，珀金斯家族建造了波士頓雅典娜神廟、麻省總醫(yī)院和珀金斯盲人機(jī)構(gòu)，以及美國(guó)第一條將石材從采石場(chǎng)運(yùn)送到邦克山紀(jì)念碑的鐵路。
Read ‘the China Mirage’ James Bradley.
China has since learned from this tragedy that she cannot shut herself out from the world and her humiliation due to her own arrogance was a wake-up call. It took the *** to restore the unity of China after the demolition of the Qing Dynasty and the destruction of the Warlord Era before China could stand up again. So in some ways, it was a cycle of history that the Chinese will write into their book.
Thanks for A2A
I have decided to add another story to this question.
The revolutionary that China forgot. Sun Yat-sen’s lover Cuifen and her Malaysia villa.
約翰·珀金斯·庫(kù)欣的鴉片走私為美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州洛厄爾的紡織制造業(yè)城市建設(shè)提供了資金。耶魯大學(xué)則由羅素家族慷慨解囊建成。聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)耶魯骷髏會(huì)嗎？哥倫比亞大學(xué)與艾伯特·洛有聯(lián)系，約翰·克利夫·格林是普林斯頓大學(xué)和曼哈頓特殊外科醫(yī)院的捐助人。福布斯資助了密歇根中央鐵路、芝加哥鐵路、伯靈頓鐵路和昆西鐵路。約翰·默里·福布斯的兒子是貝爾電話(huà)公司的第一任總裁，阿比爾·艾伯特·洛為第一條跨大西洋電纜提供了啟動(dòng)資金，而約瑟夫·柯立芝則參與了外交關(guān)系委員會(huì)的工作。福布斯的名字也是前國(guó)務(wù)卿約翰·福布斯·克里的名字之一，所以你可以看到所有這些錢(qián)是如何幫助他們進(jìn)入權(quán)力中心的。
閱讀詹姆斯·布拉德利的《中國(guó)幻影》。
中國(guó)從這場(chǎng)悲劇中吸取了教訓(xùn)，她不能把自己與世界隔絕，她因自己的傲慢而遭受的羞辱是一個(gè)警鐘。清朝覆滅、軍閥時(shí)代瓦解，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨才恢復(fù)了國(guó)家統(tǒng)一，中國(guó)才得以重新站起來(lái)。所以從某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一個(gè)歷史的循環(huán)，中國(guó)人會(huì)把這個(gè)循環(huán)寫(xiě)進(jìn)他們的書(shū)中。
感謝邀請(qǐng)，我決定為這個(gè)問(wèn)題上再加一個(gè)故事。
中國(guó)忘記的革命者。孫中山的愛(ài)人陳翠芬和她的馬來(lái)西亞別墅。
Read more at Taiping is No 3 most sustainable city in the world
What will matter most on one’s deathbed? For Chen Cuifen, partner of Sun Yat-sen, it was a gold ring and a pocket watch, engraved with Sun’s English name. Hidden in a coffee mill in Assam Kumbang in Taiping is a “revolutionary” love story deeply embedded in the days of the Republic of China, the story of Sun Yat-sen and his romantic partner during the revolution, Chen Cuifen.
Beside the Aun Tong Coffee Mill is the Changchun Pu villa, looking washed out by the passage of time. A fan-shaped wooden plaque with the inscxtion Changchun Pu (長(zhǎng)春圃) hangs on the building’s external wall, and a signboard with the words Aun Tong (安東) is prominently displayed above the door to the villa. Not far from the door stands a statue of Sun Yat-sen.
這個(gè)故事講的是中國(guó)革命者和馬來(lái)西亞的太平市，太平是世界公認(rèn)的三大可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市之一。
閱讀更多太平是世界第三大可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市（鏈接）
人臨終時(shí)最在乎的是什么？對(duì)于孫中山的伴侶陳翠芬來(lái)說(shuō)，那是一枚金戒指和一塊懷表，上面刻著孫中山的英文名字。在太平阿薩姆昆邦的一家咖啡廠(chǎng)里，隱藏著一段深深植根于民國(guó)時(shí)期的“革命”愛(ài)情故事，即孫中山和他革命時(shí)期的戀人陳翠芬的故事。
安東咖啡廠(chǎng)旁邊是長(zhǎng)春圃別墅，隨著時(shí)間的流逝，別墅顯得有些破舊。建筑外墻上掛著一塊扇形木匾，上面寫(xiě)著“長(zhǎng)春圃”，別墅門(mén)上方顯眼地掛著一塊招牌，上面寫(xiě)著“安東”。門(mén)不遠(yuǎn)處矗立著一尊孫中山的雕像。
On entering Changchun Pu, one sees interior walls plastered with photographs, portraits, calligraphies, and newspaper cuttings, each with their own stories to tell. Apart from a few portraits of Sun Yat-sen, there is a colour portrait of a young Chen Cuifen hanging alongside a few black-and-white photos of her on the walls. Among the newspaper clippings on the wall was researcher Li Yongqiu’s article that Chen had travelled alone to Malaya in 1914 after breaking up with Sun Yat-sen. She stayed at Changchun Pu for many years and adopted a daughter, Su Zhongying (蘇仲英).
The first owners of Changchun Pu was Chan Kye Choo (陳繼祖), elder brother of Chan Peik Kwan (陳璧君). Chan Peik Kwan fell in love with the talented Wang Ching-wei (汪精衛(wèi), a close associate and active supporter of Sun Yat-sen) and married him. The Chan siblings were in close contact with members of the Tongmenghui (同盟會(huì)) that Sun Yat-sen founded. It was only natural, then, that Chen Cuifen made her home in Changchun Pu. Changchun Pu became the Aun Tong Coffee Mill in 1940, when Tiah Ee Mooi (程依妹), owner of the mill, rented the place to set up his coffee mill. He subsequently purchased the property in 1942.
進(jìn)入長(zhǎng)春浦，室內(nèi)墻上貼滿(mǎn)了照片、肖像、字畫(huà)、剪報(bào)，每一面都有著自己的故事。除了幾張孫中山的肖像，墻上還掛著一幅陳翠芬年輕時(shí)的彩色肖像和幾張她的黑白照片。墻上的剪報(bào)中，有一篇研究員李永秋的文章，稱(chēng)陳翠芬在1914年與孫中山分手后，只身前往馬來(lái)亞，在長(zhǎng)春浦居住多年，并收養(yǎng)了一個(gè)女兒-蘇仲英。
長(zhǎng)春浦的首任主人是陳璧君的哥哥陳繼祖。陳璧君愛(ài)上了才華橫溢的汪精衛(wèi)（孫中山的親密戰(zhàn)友和積極支持者），并與他結(jié)婚。陳氏兄妹與孫中山創(chuàng)立的同盟會(huì)成員來(lái)往密切。陳翠芬自然而然地在長(zhǎng)春浦安家。1940 年，長(zhǎng)春浦改名為安東咖啡磨坊，磨坊主人程依妹租下這塊地，開(kāi)設(shè)咖啡磨坊。1942 年，程依妹買(mǎi)下了這塊地。
Chen Cuifen was known by many as Sun Yat-sen’s “partner in revolution” (geming banlv 革命伴侶). Her birth name was xiangling (香菱), and she was also known as Ruifen (瑞芬). She was born in Hong Kong, but her hometown was in Tong’an, Fujian. Being the fourth child in her family, she was often affectionately called sigu (fourth aunt) by comrades of the revolution. She was Sun Yat-sen’s confidante. The pair met through Chinese revolutionary Chan Siu-bak, who introduced Chen to Sun when the latter was studying in Hong Kong in the 1890s.
陳翠芬是許多人所熟知的孫中山的“革命伴侶”。她本名香菱，又名瑞芬。她生于香港，但家鄉(xiāng)在福建同安。她是家中的第四個(gè)孩子，革命同志們親切地稱(chēng)她為“四姑”。她是孫中山的紅顏知己。兩人是通過(guò)中國(guó)革命家陳少白認(rèn)識(shí)的，19 世紀(jì) 90 年代，孫中山在香港留學(xué)時(shí)，陳翠芬被陳介紹給了孫中山。據(jù)說(shuō)孫中山一生至少與四個(gè)女人有過(guò)戀愛(ài)關(guān)系。他的第一任妻子盧慕貞（1867-1952）無(wú)私地照顧他的子女；他的革命伙伴陳翠芬（1874-1962）在他的革命生涯中與他風(fēng)雨同舟、共渡難關(guān)。國(guó)母宋慶齡（1893-1981）在孫中山執(zhí)政期間經(jīng)常被稱(chēng)為孫中山夫人；而孫中山的第二任妻子大月熏與孫中山的婚姻卻很短暫。
Chen and Sun spent over 20 years together. Before the success of the revolution, Chen stayed by Sun’s side, taking care of his every need. Whether Sun was practising medicine in Macau, taking refuge in Japan, or plotting the revolution in Nanyang, Chen risked her life and did all she could to support his career. She cooked his meals, washed his laundry, and even delivered intelligence and smuggled ammunition for him and the revolution.
After the Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, Sun took centre stage in the political arena and said goodbye to the days of fleeing and hiding from his enemies. But it was not long before he again fled to Japan in August 1913, when his Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai failed miserably. During his asylum in Japan, he met Soong Ching-ling. Classy and elegant, Soong was 27 years his junior and had studied in the United States. She became his secretary. He was immediately drawn to her, and she was full of admiration for him.
陳翠芬與盧慕貞、宋慶齡不同，她不為人所知，歷史不記得她的名字，她與孫中山的關(guān)系也從未公開(kāi)。她被“政治禁入”，以保護(hù)孫中山和宋慶齡的形象。即使1962年她在香港去世，葬禮也十分簡(jiǎn)樸，報(bào)紙上沒(méi)有一篇訃告，她的遺體被草草地埋葬在香港的一座華人墳場(chǎng)。
陳翠芬和孫中山在一起生活了20多年。在革命成功之前，陳翠芬一直陪在孫中山身邊，照顧他的一切需要。無(wú)論是孫中山在澳門(mén)行醫(yī)，還是在日本避難，還是在南洋策劃革命，陳翠芬都冒著生命危險(xiǎn)，竭盡所能地支持他的事業(yè)。她為他做飯、洗衣服，甚至為他和革命傳遞情報(bào)、走私彈藥。
1911 年清朝被推翻后，孫中山登上了政治舞臺(tái)的中心，告別了逃亡和躲避敵人的日子。但不久之后，1913 年 8 月，他又一次逃亡日本，因?yàn)樗磳?duì)袁世凱的第二次革命慘遭失敗。在日本避難期間，他遇到了宋慶齡。宋慶齡比他小 27 歲，優(yōu)雅而知性，曾在美國(guó)留學(xué)。她成為了他的秘書(shū)。他立刻被她吸引，而她也對(duì)他充滿(mǎn)欽佩。
Sun Yat-sen decided to divorce his first wife, Lu Muzhen, and sever all ties with Chen Cuifen. Chen, who was around 40 years old at that time, decided to leave for Nanyang for good. It would be close to 20 years later, in 1931, before she returned to Hong Kong and Guangzhou with her adopted daughter Su Zhongying, upon Sun Fo’s (孫科, Sun Yat-sen’s son) request.
There were so many clashing ideas about the relationship between the pair that the 100th-anniversary celebration of the 1910 Penang Conference (庇能會(huì)議) ended in two separate commemorations because the organisers couldn’t agree on the screening of the movie Road to Dawn (《夜·明》). The movie acknowledged the romantic relationship between Chen and Sun.
孫中山?jīng)Q定與原配妻子盧慕貞離婚，斷絕與陳翠芬的一切關(guān)系。當(dāng)時(shí)年逾四十的陳翠芬決定遠(yuǎn)赴南洋，直到近二十年后的1931年，她才在孫科（孫中山之子）的要求下，帶著養(yǎng)女蘇鐘英回到香港和廣州。
陳翠芬去世多年后才引起公眾的關(guān)注。在辛亥革命一百周年之際，人們?cè)噲D給她和孫中山的關(guān)系定個(gè)名字。她是他的紅顏知己？伙伴？小妾？柏拉圖式的革命伙伴？保鏢？追隨者？
關(guān)于兩人關(guān)系的爭(zhēng)論非常激烈，1910 年檳城會(huì)議 100 周年紀(jì)念活動(dòng)（庇能會(huì)議）最終以?xún)纱为?dú)立的紀(jì)念活動(dòng)告終，因?yàn)橹鬓k方無(wú)法就電影《夜·明》的放映達(dá)成一致。這部電影承認(rèn)了陳翠芬和孫中山之間的愛(ài)情關(guān)系。
Su Zhongying’s son, Sun Bisheng, reported that Chen Cuifen’s name has been added into the Sun genealogy as Sun Yat-sen’s concubine. Her tomb has also been relocated from Hong Kong to the Sun family burial plot at Cuihengcun (翠亨村) in Guangzhou. This relocation was said to be Sun Tse-ping’s (孫治平, 1913-2005, the grandson of Sun Yat-sen and his first wife, Lu Muzhen) final wish before he passed away.
It is evident that Chen Cuifen was Sun Yat-sen’s concubine, as evidenced by his letters. Writing to his daughters, Sun Yan (孫娫) and Sun Wan (孫婉), in a letter dated December 1910, Sun clearly addressed Lu Muzhen and Chen Cuifen as their “two mothers”.
爭(zhēng)議不僅在于主辦方之間，參加紀(jì)念活動(dòng)的孫家后裔也分成兩派，一方承認(rèn)陳與孫的關(guān)系，希望恢復(fù)陳作為孫中山伙伴之一的合法地位；另一方則拒絕，不惜一切代價(jià)維護(hù)孫中山和宋慶齡的歷史形象。
蘇仲英之子孫必勝透露，陳翠芬的名字已作為孫中山的妾名加入孫家譜，其墓地也由香港遷至廣州翠亨村孫家墓地。據(jù)說(shuō)，這是孫治平（1913-2005，孫中山與原配盧慕貞之孫）生前最后的遺愿。
陳翠芬是孫中山的妾，這一點(diǎn)從他的信函中可以明顯看出。1910年12月，孫中山在寫(xiě)給女兒孫娫、孫婉的信中，明確稱(chēng)呼盧慕貞和陳翠芬為“二母”。
While Sun Tse-ping didn’t forget to acknowledge Chen Cuifen, Sun Sui-ying (孫穗英), Sun Fo’s eldest daughter, was adamant. She insisted on defending Soong Ching-ling’s image as the “Mother” of China. In 2010, although Sun Sui-ying was unable to attend the commemoration of the 1910 Penang Conference due to advanced age, she made her presence felt. She instructed her son, Dr Lin Shanli (林山立), to denounce all claims that Chen Cuifen and Sun Yat-sen were once in a relationship, insisting that Chen was just a “partner in revolution” acting as a “cover” for Sun to keep his actions out of sight from potential enemies. Sun Sui-ying’s actions were not without reason. She was on close terms with Soong Ching-ling, who solemnised her wedding.
In 1915, Sun Yat-sen married Soong Ching-ling in Japan. Ten years later, Sun passed away and was laid to rest in the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in 1929. Throughout this period of time, Chen Cuifen never once left Nanyang, and she wouldn’t have left at all if not for Sun Fo’s invitation.
Chen Cuifen spent her golden years living with her daughter and son-in-law. Sun Bisheng once told the media that Chen Cuifen passed away in his embrace on 21 October 1962. As she lay dying, she passed him a gold ring and a pocket watch, the two items she had most treasured throughout her life. The pocket watch had Sun Yat-sen’s English name engraved on it and was the only keepsake he gave her. She finally let him go and breathed her last.
孫子平不忘表?yè)P(yáng)陳翠芬，但孫科長(zhǎng)女孫穗英卻態(tài)度堅(jiān)決，堅(jiān)持維護(hù)宋慶齡“國(guó)母”形象。2010年，孫穗英雖然因年事已高未能出席1910年檳城會(huì)議紀(jì)念活動(dòng)，但仍在場(chǎng)。她囑咐兒子林山立駁斥一切有關(guān)陳翠芬與孫中山關(guān)系的說(shuō)法，堅(jiān)稱(chēng)陳翠芬只是孫中山的“革命伙伴”，為他提供掩護(hù)，避免被敵人發(fā)現(xiàn)。孫穗英這樣做并非毫無(wú)道理，她與宋慶齡關(guān)系密切，宋慶齡曾為她主持婚禮。
投降
1915年，孫中山與宋慶齡在日本結(jié)婚。十年后，孫中山逝世，1929年葬于中山陵。這段時(shí)間，陳翠芬從未離開(kāi)過(guò)南洋，若不是孫科邀請(qǐng)，她根本不會(huì)離開(kāi)。
陳翠芬晚年與女兒女婿生活在一起。孫必勝曾對(duì)媒體表示，陳翠芬于1962年10月21日在他懷里逝世。臨終時(shí)，她將一枚金戒指和一塊懷表交給他，這是她一生最珍愛(ài)的兩件東西。懷表上刻有孫中山的英文名字，是他給她的唯一紀(jì)念品。她終于放手，咽下了最后一口氣。
That kind of thing happens everywhere.
Like a person who might remember something you did to him twenty years before while you can not, since the event, in your point of view, was mush less important than that in his.
Different people have different feelings on different things in different cases, so they record different historical events by priorities respectively.
Chinese history focused on recording accounts from view of the central government, what did the emperor say on something, what did prime minister suggest, when did General A defeat barbaric tribe X, and so on. No suprise it would miss some event which were minor or happened in a remote region from the empire, while the neighbouring or related country did record it in their history.
Chinese history is known as longest recorded and most detailed, but not complete or non-missing.
這種事情到處都有。
就像一個(gè)人可能記得你二十年前對(duì)他做的事，而你卻記不住，因?yàn)樵谀憧磥?lái)，這件事在他看來(lái)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有那么重要。
不同的人對(duì)不同的事情有不同的感受，所以他們根據(jù)不同的優(yōu)先順序記錄不同的歷史事件。
中國(guó)歷史側(cè)重于從中央政府的角度記錄，皇帝對(duì)某件事說(shuō)了什么，宰相有什么建議，將軍A什么時(shí)候打敗了野蠻的X部落，等等。毫不奇怪，它會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)一些很小的事件或發(fā)生在帝國(guó)偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的事件，而鄰國(guó)或相關(guān)國(guó)家確實(shí)在歷史上記錄了這些事件。
中國(guó)歷史被稱(chēng)為有記載的最長(zhǎng)和最詳細(xì)的，但并不完整或沒(méi)有缺失。
In my opinion,I would rather ask what are the official historical Chinese records written by others countries especially western nations that are not covered by the Chinese historical documentation.China only opened their doors to China during late Ching dynasty, but by then China had already recorded their presence and exploration as far as Mexico.Therfore,ones should based history on accuracy and factual relics on past historical findings of an ancient state rather than on mighty conquest and reedition.
China would certainly be the first country ever had a long ,continuous and unbroken proper records of their past civilised historical events since they first invented printing and paper.Not forgetting that even before paper they had bamboos stripes to rely on.Further more, an old adage saying that history belong to conquerors would not apply in Chinese case. AS a traditional big state nation,China was never been uprooted completely and decimated since its finding. ,Even in early century, those western allies and even Japan later could only managed conquered and controlled part but not whole China.As such .events and documentations could never be completely be controlled ,re-edited and destroyed.Most important of all,since early civilisation,Chinese has always emphasised on documentation and records as they easily would be the first civilisation nation that have a effective civil service bureau on state governance.For your information, a thousand years ago ,Chinese even have a Shima family( over few generation),who been famous and highly respected for their accurate and ancient historical publishing In their time.
For instant since mid nineties,Chinese territories been subjugated or transferred .That’ the reason now China is claiming their historical ninety dash line in South China Sea now as they could not afford to even keep their territorial patrol in these boundaries during early decade.In the meantime’s, others claimants to these China land offered little historical record of their albeit based on recent findings.
在我看來(lái)，我寧愿問(wèn)，其他國(guó)家，特別是西方國(guó)家，所寫(xiě)的官方中國(guó)歷史記錄中，有哪些沒(méi)有被中國(guó)歷史文獻(xiàn)所涵蓋。中國(guó)直到清朝末年才向中國(guó)敞開(kāi)大門(mén)，但那時(shí)中國(guó)已經(jīng)記錄了他們?cè)谀鞲绲拇嬖诤吞剿鳌Ｒ虼?，人們?yīng)該以準(zhǔn)確性和對(duì)一個(gè)古老國(guó)家過(guò)去歷史發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實(shí)為基礎(chǔ)，而不是以強(qiáng)大的征服和重述為基礎(chǔ)。
自從發(fā)明印刷術(shù)和紙張以來(lái)，中國(guó)無(wú)疑是第一個(gè)對(duì)其過(guò)去文明歷史事件有長(zhǎng)期、連續(xù)和不間斷的正確記錄的國(guó)家。別忘了，甚至在紙張發(fā)明之前，他們就有竹條可以依靠。此外，一句古老的諺語(yǔ)說(shuō)“歷史屬于征服者”，這在中國(guó)并不適用。作為一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的大國(guó)，中國(guó)自建國(guó)以來(lái)從未被徹底連根拔起和摧毀過(guò)。即使在世紀(jì)初，那些西方盟友，甚至后來(lái)的日本，也只能征服和控制中國(guó)的部分地區(qū)，而不能控制整個(gè)中國(guó)。因此，事件和文獻(xiàn)永遠(yuǎn)不可能被完全控制、重新編輯和銷(xiāo)毀。最重要的是，自早期文明以來(lái)，中國(guó)一直重視文獻(xiàn)和記錄，因?yàn)樗麄兒苋菀壮蔀榈谝粋€(gè)在國(guó)家治理方面擁有有效公務(wù)員系統(tǒng)的文明國(guó)家。供您參考，一千年前，中國(guó)甚至有一個(gè)司馬家族（超過(guò)幾代人），他們以準(zhǔn)確和古老的歷史出版物而聞名并受到高度尊重。例如，自九十年代中期以來(lái)，中國(guó)領(lǐng)土相繼被征服或轉(zhuǎn)讓。這就是中國(guó)現(xiàn)在宣稱(chēng)擁有南海九段線(xiàn)歷史的原因，因?yàn)樵谧畛跏昀?，他們甚至無(wú)力承擔(dān)在這些邊界內(nèi)進(jìn)行領(lǐng)土巡邏的費(fèi)用。與此同時(shí)，其他對(duì)這些中國(guó)土地提出主權(quán)要求的國(guó)家?guī)缀鯖](méi)有提供歷史記錄，盡管這些歷史記錄是基于最近的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
Definitely would have been interesting if Ming and Timur actually went to war. It would have been a war of the century
如果明朝和帖木兒真的開(kāi)戰(zhàn)，那肯定會(huì)很有趣。那將是一場(chǎng)世紀(jì)之戰(zhàn)。
Won’t recommend, the logs lines are very long and costly; terrain harsh and terrible… Ming only want allies to maintain peace and security for the silk road. Qing wars against Dzungars must have been very hard in that awful terrain; 70 years!
不建議，補(bǔ)給線(xiàn)會(huì)很長(zhǎng)而且成本很高；地形險(xiǎn)惡可怕...明朝只想要盟友來(lái)維護(hù)絲綢之路的和平與安全。在那樣可怕的地形上，清朝與準(zhǔn)噶爾人的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)就打得非常艱苦；整整70年！
Chen Zhigong (陳治功)
沒(méi)錯(cuò)?？紤]到 1405 年是鄭和下西洋的時(shí)期，我們甚至可能會(huì)看到明朝中國(guó)和帖木兒帝國(guó)之間發(fā)生一場(chǎng)海戰(zhàn)。
Amazing story telling. Well, the Ming navy were super big once and ruled the Oceans, but they were not interested to conquer anyone but only maintain an established order …
故事講得太棒了。明朝海軍曾經(jīng)非常強(qiáng)大，統(tǒng)治著海洋，但他們對(duì)征服任何人都不感興趣，只想維持既定的秩序...
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