網(wǎng)友熱議：為什么擁有石油的伊朗變成了一個(gè)貧窮的國家？

Crash of global oil prices in 2014. The Iranian economy was still considerably dependent on oil at the time (though no where near as much as its neighbours), so many jobs were lost in the petroleum industry. Furthermore, reduced oil income meant the government could not allocate as much money for welfare and subsidies, which was confounded by,
Economic sanctions. Since 2012, Iran has been the most sanctioned country on the planet, having even more sanctions than North Korea, Cuba and Venezuela combined. Almost every industry you can think of is embargoed, from oil and gas (which made the above event even more dramatic), banking, insurance, metals, shipping, software, hardware and pretty much any other industry.

2014 年全球石油價(jià)格暴跌。當(dāng)時(shí)伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然嚴(yán)重依賴石油（盡管不像鄰國那樣依賴），石油行業(yè)因此失去了許多工作崗位。此外，石油收入減少意味著政府無法為福利和補(bǔ)貼分配那么多資金，而這又因?yàn)橐韵略蚨兊酶訌?fù)雜：
經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁。自 2012年以來，伊朗一直是世界上遭受制裁最多的國家，甚至比朝鮮、古巴和委內(nèi)瑞拉加起來遭受的制裁還要多。你能想到的幾乎所有行業(yè)都受到禁運(yùn)，從石油和天然氣（這使得上述事件更加戲劇性）、銀行、保險(xiǎn)、金屬、航運(yùn)、軟件、硬件到幾乎任何其他行業(yè)。

Poor economic mismanagement. The government of President Rouhani since 2013 has been extremely neo-liberal oriented, and has largely seen the lifting of sanctions and economic liberalization has Iran’s key to economic success. Rouhani has gotten rid of many subsidies that helped the lower-income strata, and has largely implemented privatization policies that benefited the top ten percent of the country.

經(jīng)濟(jì)管理不善。自2013年以來，魯哈尼總統(tǒng)的政府一直奉行極端的新自由主義政策，并認(rèn)為解除制裁和經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化是伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)成功的關(guān)鍵。魯哈尼取消了許多幫助低收入階層的補(bǔ)貼，并大力實(shí)施了使該國10%的頂層受益的私有化政策。

Iran has a lot of poor people, but there are also many Iranians out there living their best lives. Despite sanctions and COVID, Iran has seen a huge increase in the number of millionaires this past few years, mostly due to a booming stock market. Today, most Iranians cannot afford an iPhone with their monthly income, yet Tehran has some of the highest rate of luxury cars in the world. Thus, there is a lot of wealth in Iran, but it is divided extremely unequally.

伊朗有很多窮人，但也有一些伊朗人過著非常富裕的生活。盡管受到制裁和新冠疫情的影響，伊朗過去幾年百萬富翁的數(shù)量激增，這主要得益于蓬勃發(fā)展的股市。如今，大多數(shù)伊朗人用一個(gè)月的收入買不起蘋果手機(jī)，但德黑蘭卻是世界上擁有豪華汽車比例最高的一些城市之一。因此，伊朗擁有大量財(cái)富，但財(cái)富分配卻極度不平等。

Such scenes are not uncommon in Tehran:

在德黑蘭，以下場景并不少見：

Having said that, it should be noted that these type of scenes can be viewed in every country. There are worst images like this in New York, Riyadh, Los Angeles and London.

不過，需要指出的是，這類場景在任何國家都可能看到。紐約、利雅得、洛杉磯和倫敦都有更糟糕的景象。

Iran also looks very much like this:

伊朗也有很多這樣的地方：
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Start Sameer
About 10-15 years ago, Iran was doing well. People were hopeful and optimistic.
I remember my dad, who was still working then, got a big raise. We were able to buy a bigger apartment for our family of six. A couple of years later, he even bought a new car, which was a big improvement from our old one.

大約10-15年前，伊朗的情況還是不錯(cuò)的。人們心中也曾充滿希望和樂觀。
我記得當(dāng)時(shí)我爸爸還在工作，工資漲了不少。我們有能力為家里的六口人購買一套更大的公寓。幾年后，爸爸還購置了一輛新車，比舊車高級多了。

But then things started getting worse. Two main reasons were the crash in oil prices and the sanctions against Iran.
Wages went down, pensions got cut, and prices went up a lot. The money we had saved was worth less because the currency lost value. Thankfully, my dad retired before his industry faced cuts, and he had saved some money.

但后來事態(tài)開始惡化了。原因主要有兩個(gè)：油價(jià)暴跌和對伊朗的制裁。
爸爸的工資降了，養(yǎng)老金被削減，物價(jià)大幅上漲。因?yàn)樨泿刨H值，我們的存款也就不值錢了。幸運(yùn)的是，我父親在他的行業(yè)面臨裁員之前退休了，手里存下了一筆錢。
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To put it simply, Iran went through a rough patch in recent years. Things weren't perfect before, but they were better than they are now. This shows that sanctions don't just hurt politicians; they hurt regular people trying to get by in a world where the rich have more power.

簡單地說，伊朗近年來經(jīng)歷了一段艱難的時(shí)期。雖然以前也不算完美，但總歸比現(xiàn)在要好。這表明，制裁不僅傷害了政客，也傷害了普通人，他們在富人擁有更多權(quán)力的世界里舉步維艱。

Cyrus Razavi
Iran's transformation into a poor country despite its vast oil reserves and many other resources is a complex issue rooted in a combination of factors, including:

盡管伊朗擁有巨大的石油儲(chǔ)量和許多其他資源，但現(xiàn)在卻變成一個(gè)貧窮的國家，這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的問題，根源于多種因素，比如：

Economic Mismanagement: The Iranian government's economic policies often prioritize ideological motives over sound economic principles. Centralized planning, inefficient state-owned enterprises, and a hostile environment for foreign investment have stifled economic development and productivity. This, coupled with heavy subsidies, further drains the economy.

經(jīng)濟(jì)管理不當(dāng)：伊朗政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策總是將意識形態(tài)動(dòng)機(jī)置于合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)原則之上。中央的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)、低效的國有企業(yè)以及對外國投資的不利環(huán)境扼殺了國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和生產(chǎn)力。再加上巨額補(bǔ)貼，進(jìn)一步耗盡了經(jīng)濟(jì)潛能。

Rampant Corruption: Iran suffers from systemic corruption at all levels of government and business. This corruption bleeds the country's resources, distorts the market, and discourages legitimate investment. Those with close ties to the regime often benefit disproportionately, enriching themselves while the wider population faces hardship.

猖獗的腐?。阂晾矢骷壵推髽I(yè)存在系統(tǒng)性的腐敗問題。腐敗消耗了國家的資源，扭曲了市場，阻礙了合法投資。那些與政府關(guān)系密切的人從中獲得了驚人的好處，在廣大民眾面臨生活困難的同時(shí)，他們卻賺得盆滿缽滿。

Support for Proxy Groups: The Iranian regime allocates significant funds to support proxy groups and militias throughout the Middle East. This expensive foreign policy drains valuable resources that could be used for domestic development, social programs, or economic investment.

支持代理組織：伊朗政權(quán)撥出大量資金支持整個(gè)中東地區(qū)的代理組織和民兵。這種昂貴的外交政策耗盡了本可用于國內(nèi)發(fā)展、社會(huì)項(xiàng)目或經(jīng)濟(jì)投資的寶貴資源。

International Sanctions: Decades of sanctions targeting Iran's energy sector and banking system have severely hampered its ability to trade and attract investment. While sanctions are a major factor, they have also exacerbated the problems of mismanagement and corruption, providing a convenient excuse for the regime's own failures.

國際制裁：數(shù)十年來針對伊朗能源部門和銀行系統(tǒng)的制裁嚴(yán)重阻礙了伊朗的貿(mào)易和吸引投資的能力。雖然制裁是一個(gè)主要因素，但它們也加劇了管理不善和腐敗的問題，為政權(quán)自身的失敗提供了方便的借口。

Luxurious Lifestyles of the Elite: While the average Iranian struggles with poverty and economic hardship, the ruling elite, including the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), their families, and close associates, often live extravagant and luxurious lives in the West. This stark inequality creates resentment and further discredits the regime's management of the economy.

精英階層的奢靡生活：當(dāng)普通伊朗人在貧困和經(jīng)濟(jì)困難中苦苦掙扎時(shí)，統(tǒng)治精英包括YSL革命衛(wèi)隊(duì)、他們的家人和親密伙伴，卻在西方經(jīng)常過著奢靡的生活。這種明顯的不平等導(dǎo)致了民聲載道，進(jìn)一步影響了政權(quán)對經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理信用。

Consequences for the Iranian People:
These factors have created a situation where Iran's oil wealth fails to translate into prosperity and a better standard of living for its citizens. Iran faces:

對伊朗人民的影響：
這些因素造成了這樣一種局面：伊朗的石油財(cái)富未能轉(zhuǎn)化為國家的繁榮發(fā)展和國民更高的生活水平。伊朗面臨著：
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High Inflation: Spiraling inflation drastically erodes the purchasing power of Iranians
Widespread Poverty: A large percentage of the population lives below the poverty line, struggling to afford basic necessities.
Unemployment: The economy fails to create enough jobs, especially for young, educated Iranians, leading to frustration and brain drain.
Decaying Infrastructure: Insufficient investment in infrastructure means crumbling roads, unreliable power grids, and outdated public services.

高通貨膨脹：不斷加劇的通貨膨脹大大削弱了伊朗人的購買力。
普遍貧困：多數(shù)民眾生活在貧困線以下，連基本的生活必需品都負(fù)擔(dān)不起。
失業(yè)：伊朗的經(jīng)濟(jì)無法創(chuàng)造足夠的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，尤其是受過教育的年輕伊朗人找不到工作，導(dǎo)致挫折感和人才外流。
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施老化：國家對基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投資不足意味著道路破舊、電網(wǎng)脆弱和公共服務(wù)陳舊。

In conclusion, Iran's decline into a poor country despite its oil wealth is not merely a result of bad luck or outside forces. Internal mismanagement, corruption, costly regional ambitions, and the self-enrichment of the ruling class have significantly contributed to this situation. The Iranian people bear the brunt of these decisions, suffering economic hardship while their country's potential is squandered.

總之，盡管伊朗擁有豐富的石油資源，但卻淪落為一個(gè)貧窮的國家，這不僅僅是運(yùn)氣不佳或外因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果。伊朗國內(nèi)管理不善、腐敗叢生、代價(jià)高昂的地區(qū)野心以及統(tǒng)治階級的中飽私囊等，都在很大程度上導(dǎo)致了如今的局面。伊朗人民首當(dāng)其沖地受到這些決策的影響，在百姓遭受經(jīng)濟(jì)困境的同時(shí)，國家的發(fā)展?jié)摿σ脖焕速M(fèi)了。
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Nathanial Rowe
Economic Mismanagement: Iran has faced challenges in effectively managing its economy and implementing sound economic policies. Factors such as corruption, misallocation of resources, and inefficient governance have hindered economic growth and development.

經(jīng)濟(jì)管理不善：伊朗沒能有效管理經(jīng)濟(jì)、實(shí)施健全的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。貪污腐敗、資源配置不當(dāng)和治理效率低下等因素阻礙了經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長和發(fā)展。

International Sanctions: Iran has been subject to various international sanctions imposed by the United States and other countries. These sanctions have limited Iran's ability to engage in international trade, access global financial systems, and attract foreign investments. The impact of sanctions on Iran's economy has been significant, including restrictions on oil exports and financial transactions.

國際制裁：伊朗一直受到美國等國的國際制裁。這些制裁限制了伊朗參與國際貿(mào)易、進(jìn)入全球金融體系和吸引外國投資的能力。制裁對伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響是巨大的，對石油出口和金融交易都進(jìn)行了限制。

Iran's economic situation and the challenges it faces cannot be attributed to a single factor. However, there are several reasons why a country with significant oil reserves like Iran may face economic difficulties:

伊朗的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢及面臨的困境無法歸結(jié)于單一因素。但像伊朗這樣擁有大量石油儲(chǔ)備的國家可能面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的原因有幾個(gè)：

Economic Mismanagement: Iran has experienced periods of economic mismanagement, including inefficient resource allocation, corruption, and a lack of diversification in the economy. These factors can hinder economic growth and development, regardless of the presence of natural resources.

經(jīng)濟(jì)管理不善：伊朗經(jīng)歷了經(jīng)濟(jì)管理不善的時(shí)期，包括資源配置效率低下、腐敗滋生和經(jīng)濟(jì)單一。無論有沒有自然資源，這些因素都會(huì)阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長和發(fā)展。

International Sanctions: Iran has been subject to international sanctions due to concerns over its nuclear program and human ri hts issues. These sanctions have restricted Iran's access to global markets, limited foreign investment, and hindered the development of its oil industry. Such limitations can have a significant impact on a country's economy, despite its oil reserves.

國際制裁：由于對核項(xiàng)目和人*問題的擔(dān)憂，伊朗一直受到國際制裁。這些制裁限制了伊朗參與全球貿(mào)易，限制了外國投資，阻礙了伊朗石油工業(yè)的發(fā)展。這種限制可能會(huì)對一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生重大影響，就算該國擁有石油儲(chǔ)備也不例外。

Dependence on Oil: While oil can be a valuable resource, relying heavily on a single commodity for revenue can make an economy vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices. Iran's economy has been heavily dependent on oil exports, which exposes it to the volatility of the global oil market.

對石油的依賴：雖然石油也許是一種寶貴的資源，但嚴(yán)重依賴單一商品的收入會(huì)使國家經(jīng)濟(jì)體極易受到全球石油價(jià)格波動(dòng)的影響。伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)一直嚴(yán)重依賴石油出口，直接暴露在全球石油市場波動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中。

Political Factors: Political instability and geopolitical tensions can negatively affect a country's economy. Iran has faced political challenges, both domestically and internationally, which have created uncertainties and hindered economic growth.

政治因素：政治動(dòng)蕩和地緣政治緊張局勢會(huì)對一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。伊朗在國內(nèi)和國際上都面臨政治挑戰(zhàn)，這造成了局勢的不確定性，阻礙了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。
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Demographic Challenges: Iran has a large and growing population, which puts pressure on the job market, social services, and infrastructure. Meeting the needs of a rapidly growing population can be a significant economic challenge.

人口挑戰(zhàn)：伊朗人口龐大且不斷增長，給就業(yè)市場、社會(huì)服務(wù)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施都帶來了壓力。滿足快速增長的人口的基本需求可能是一個(gè)重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)。
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Economic Sanctions and COVID-19: In recent years, Iran has faced additional economic difficulties due to the reimposition of sanctions by the United States, which has further limited its access to international markets. Moreover, the global COVID-19 pandemic has impacted Iran's economy, causing disruptions in trade, tourism, and various sectors.

經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁和新冠疫情：近年來，由于美國重新實(shí)施制裁，伊朗的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難越來越大，制裁進(jìn)一步限制了伊朗參與國際貿(mào)易的機(jī)會(huì)。此外，新冠疫情也影響了伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)，造成了貿(mào)易、旅游和各個(gè)部門的收入大幅下降。

Jignesh Parekh
Only Russia and China purchase oil from Iran america had pressurized prime minister Narendra Modi not to purchase oil from Iran at cheap price india had withdraw from chabahar project of Iran so Iran started having friendship with china

只有俄羅斯和中國從伊朗購買石油，美國向莫迪總理施壓，要求莫迪不能用低廉的價(jià)格從伊朗購買石油，所以印度退出了伊朗的恰巴哈爾項(xiàng)目，而伊朗則開始與中國建立友誼。

Ali A?an
There are several reasons why Iran, despite having significant oil reserves, has struggled with poverty and economic challenges.

盡管伊朗擁有大量石油儲(chǔ)備，但卻一直在貧困和經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)中掙扎，原因有如下幾個(gè)。

Firstly, Iran has faced economic sanctions from the international community, which have limited its ability to sell oil and access global markets. These sanctions have had a significant impact on Iran's economy, contributing to high inflation, a weakened currency, and a struggling private sector.

首先，伊朗面臨著國際社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁，限制了伊朗銷售石油和參與全球貿(mào)易的能力。這些制裁對伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生了重大影響，導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的通貨膨脹、貨幣貶值和民營經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入困境。
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Secondly, Iran's economy has long been heavily reliant on oil exports, which can lead to volatility and economic instability. When oil prices drop, as they have done in recent years, it can have a significant impact on the country's economy and government revenues.

其次，伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)長期以來嚴(yán)重依賴石油出口，這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致巨大波動(dòng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)蕩。當(dāng)油價(jià)像近年來這樣大幅下跌時(shí)，伊朗的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政府收入就受到了重大影響。

Thirdly, corruption and mismanagement have also contributed to Iran's economic challenges. The country's economy is largely controlled by the government, which has been accused of nepotism and corruption, and there have been reports of large-scale embezzlement and financial fraud.

第三，腐敗和管理不善也加劇了伊朗的經(jīng)濟(jì)困局。伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)在很大程度上由政府控制，而伊朗政府一直被詬病任人唯親、腐敗滋生，經(jīng)常爆出大規(guī)模貪污和金融欺詐的新聞。

Finally, political instability and tensions with other countries have also contributed to Iran's economic challenges. The country has faced significant geopolitical challenges in recent years, including ongoing tensions with the United States, which have contributed to uncertainty and instability in the country.

最后，政治動(dòng)蕩以及伊朗與其他國家的緊張關(guān)系也加劇了伊朗的經(jīng)濟(jì)困局。伊朗近年來面臨著重大的地緣政治挑戰(zhàn)，比如和美國的關(guān)系持續(xù)緊張，導(dǎo)致了伊朗的緊張和不穩(wěn)定的局面。

In summary, a combination of factors, including economic sanctions, overreliance on oil exports, corruption and mismanagement, and political instability, have all contributed to Iran's economic challenges and struggles with poverty.

總之，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁、過度依賴石油出口、腐敗和管理不善以及政治不穩(wěn)定在內(nèi)的一系列因素都導(dǎo)致了伊朗面臨的經(jīng)濟(jì)困局和貧困問題。

Amirreza Taheri
Well it depends on you how you mean the world “poor” or “poverty.
at all Iran has many rich people mostly in Tehran (capital). Isfahan, Shiraz and etc.
but at other hand Iran, has a big social gap, that I think you meant this. That’s because Iran Experienced Alot Sanctions followed by economical depression made cost of living so high, that the middle or lower part of society got so poor.

這取決于你如何定義“貧困”了。
總的來說，伊朗有很多富人，大部分生活在德黑蘭(首都)、伊斯法罕、設(shè)拉子等。
但另一方面，伊朗存在顯著的社會(huì)差距，我猜你可能是想說這個(gè)吧。這是因?yàn)橐晾式?jīng)歷了很多制裁，出現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條，生活成本太高，社會(huì)中下層民眾的生活陷入貧困。

Luka Dragovic
Because they were unrightfully invaded by US, their regime was toppled, they were destabilized, they were robbed of many natural resources all by the pretext of the US, claiming they have weapons of mass destruction. It's one of the US standard stories for invading other countries, robbing them clean and at the same time justify their absurd military spending.

因?yàn)樗麄儽幻绹欠ㄈ肭?，政?quán)被推番，遭受了破壞，許多自然資源都被剝奪了，這些全都是因?yàn)槊绹慕杩?，美國宣稱伊朗擁有大規(guī)模殺傷性武器。這正是美國入侵其他國家，洗劫別國資源，同時(shí)為自己荒謬的軍事開支做出辯解的“成功案例”之一。

Ethan
Iran has a radical Islamic government. This government wants to promote the Shia belief all over the Middle East. They are supporting the Hezbollah militants in Lebanon, the Hamas and Islamic Jihad militants in the Gaza stripes, the Houthi rebels in Yemen, they are involved in the war in Iraq and the Iranian army is participating in the Syrian civil war.
Wars are very expensive, there are no free lunches. The consequences of diverting resources from education, research and infrastructure into wars will be felt for generations

伊朗有一個(gè)激進(jìn)的YLS政府。伊朗政府希望將什葉派教義普及到整個(gè)中東地區(qū)。他們支持黎巴嫩的真主黨、加沙地帶的哈馬斯和YSL圣戰(zhàn)組織、也門的胡塞叛軍，他們參與了伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭，也參與了敘利亞內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。
戰(zhàn)爭是非常昂貴的，沒有免費(fèi)的午餐。將國家資源從教育、研究和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施轉(zhuǎn)移到戰(zhàn)爭的后果將影響好幾代人。