Balancing an AK-47 assault rifle slung around his left shoulder and with a large stick in his right hand, Abdul hits the heads of poppies as hard as he can. The stalks fly in the air, as does the sap from the poppy bulb, releasing the distinctive, pungent smell of opium in its most raw form.

阿卜杜勒左肩挎著一支AK-47突擊步槍?zhuān)沂帜弥桓蠊髯悠胶馍眢w，他拼命地?fù)舸蚶浰诨ǖ念^部。罌粟花的球、莖飛出汁液，釋放出鴉片最原始的、刺激性的氣味。

Within a matter of minutes, Abdul and a dozen other men raze the poppy crop which covered the small field. Then the armed men, all wearing a shalwar kameez (a traditional Afghan tunic with loose fitting trousers), most with long beards and some with kohl-lined eyes, pile into the back of a pickup truck and move on to the next farm.

幾分鐘內(nèi)，阿卜杜勒和另外十幾個(gè)男人摧毀了覆蓋在小田地上的罌粟花作物。然后這些手持武器的男人們（他們都穿著傳統(tǒng)的阿富汗長(zhǎng)袍配寬松的褲子），大多留著長(zhǎng)胡子，有些眼睛畫(huà)了煙熏妝，擠上皮卡車(chē)的后座，前往下一片農(nóng)田。
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The men belong to a Taliban anti-narcotics unit in the eastern Nangarhar province of Afghanistan, and we've been given rare access to join them on one of their patrols to eradicate poppy farming. Less than two years ago the men were insurgent fighters, part of a war to seize control of the country. Now they've won and are on the ruling side, enforcing the orders of their leader.

這些男人是阿富汗東部南加爾省塔利班緝毒部隊(duì)的成員，我們得到了罕見(jiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)加入他們的巡邏行動(dòng)，鏟除罌粟種植業(yè)。還不到兩年前，這些人是叛亂戰(zhàn)士，參與奪取阿富汗的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。現(xiàn)在，他們已經(jīng)贏了，并且處于執(zhí)政方，執(zhí)行他們領(lǐng)袖的命令。

In April 2022, Taliban supreme leader Haibatullah Akhundzada decreed that cultivation of the poppy - from which opium, the key ingredient for the drug heroin can be extracted - was strictly prohibited. Anyone violating the ban would have their field destroyed and be penalised according to Sharia law.

2022年4月，塔利班最高領(lǐng)袖海巴圖拉·阿克洪扎達(dá)發(fā)布命令，嚴(yán)禁種植罌粟——從罌粟中提取鴉片，是制造海洛因毒品的關(guān)鍵成分。任何違反禁令的人都將被毀掉他們的農(nóng)田，并根據(jù)伊斯蘭教法懲罰。

A Taliban spokesman told the BBC they imposed the ban because of the harmful effects of opium - which is taken from the poppy seed capsules - and because it goes against their religious beliefs. Afghanistan used to produce more than 80% of the world's opium. Heroin made from Afghan opium makes up 95% of the market in Europe.

一名塔利班發(fā)言人告訴BBC，他們實(shí)施禁令是因?yàn)轼f片的有害影響——從罌粟的種子莢中提取——并且這違反了他們的宗教信仰。阿富汗曾經(jīng)生產(chǎn)了全球80%以上的鴉片。由阿富汗鴉片制成的海洛因占?xì)W洲市場(chǎng)的95%。

The BBC has now travelled in Afghanistan - and used satellite analysis - to examine the effects of the direct action on opium poppy cultivation. The Taliban leaders appear to have been more successful cracking down on cultivation than anyone ever has.

BBC現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)前往阿富汗，并使用衛(wèi)星分析，研究了直接打擊罌粟種植業(yè)的影響。塔利班領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人似乎比任何人都更成功地打壓了罌粟種植業(yè)。

We found a huge fall in poppy growth in major opium-growing provinces, with one expert saying annual cultivation could be 80% down on last year. Less-profitable wheat crops have supplanted poppies in fields - and many farmers saying they are suffering financially.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，主要的鴉片種植省份中罌粟花的種植量大幅下降，有專(zhuān)家稱(chēng)年度種植量可能比去年少80%。不賺錢(qián)的小麥作物代替了罌粟花，許多農(nóng)民表示他們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)上遭受了苦難。

We travelled to provinces including Nangarhar, Kandahar and Helmand, drove through bumpy, mud roads, walked for miles in remote, mountainous areas, making our way through farmland, leaping across gurgling streams to see the reality on the ground.

我們前往南加爾、坎大哈和赫爾曼德等省份，駛過(guò)崎嶇不平的泥路，穿越偏遠(yuǎn)山區(qū)的地帶，躍過(guò)潺潺流水，以了解當(dāng)?shù)氐默F(xiàn)實(shí)情況。

The Taliban decree wasn't applied to the 2022 opium harvest, which according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) increased by a third over 2021.

塔利班的法令并未適用于2022年的鴉片收成，據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)毒品和犯罪問(wèn)題辦公室稱(chēng)，該收成比2021年增加了三分之一。

This year though, is very different. The evidence we saw on the ground is backed up by imagery taken from above.

然而，今年情況大不相同。我們所看到的證據(jù)得到了從空中拍攝的圖像的支持。

David Mansfield, a leading expert on Afghanistan's drugs trade, is working with Alcis - a UK firm which specialises in satellite analysis.

阿富汗毒品貿(mào)易專(zhuān)家大衛(wèi)·曼斯菲爾德正在與英國(guó)衛(wèi)星分析公司Alcis合作。

"It is likely that cultivation will be less than 20% of what it was in 2022. The scale of the reduction will be unprecedented," he says.

他說(shuō)：“種植面積可能會(huì)少于2022年的20%。這種減少規(guī)模是史無(wú)前例的?！?/b>


A large number of farmers have complied with the ban, and Taliban fighters have been destroying the crops of those that haven't.

大量農(nóng)民已遵守禁令，塔利班戰(zhàn)士一直在摧毀那些沒(méi)有遵守禁令的莊稼。

Toor Khan, the commander of the Taliban patrol unit we are with in Nangarhar, tells us he and his men have been destroying poppy fields for nearly five months, and have cleared tens of thousands of hectares of the crop.

我們?cè)谀霞訝柺∨c塔利班巡邏隊(duì)指揮官圖爾·汗在一起，他告訴我們他和他的士兵已經(jīng)摧毀了近五個(gè)月的罌粟田，并清理了數(shù)萬(wàn)公頃的莊稼。

"You're destroying my field, God destroy your home," one woman shouts angrily at the Taliban unit as they raze her poppy field.

“你們摧毀我的莊稼，上帝會(huì)毀掉你們的家，”一名婦女憤怒地對(duì)著塔利班部隊(duì)喊道，他們正在摧毀她的罌粟田。

"I'd told you this morning to destroy it yourself. You didn't, so now I have to," Toor Khan screams back. She retreats indoors.

“我早上告訴你們自己摧毀它。你們沒(méi)有，所以現(xiàn)在我必須這樣做，”圖爾·汗回應(yīng)。她退回室內(nèi)。
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Her son is detained by the Taliban, released with a warning a few hours later.

她的兒子被塔利班扣留，幾個(gè)小時(shí)后被釋放并受到警告


The Taliban go armed and in large numbers, because there have been instances of resistance from angry locals in this area. At least one civilian was killed in a shooting during the eradication campaign and there are reports of other violent clashes.

塔利班武裝人數(shù)眾多，因?yàn)樵摰貐^(qū)曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)憤怒的當(dāng)?shù)厝诉M(jìn)行反抗的情況。在鏟除行動(dòng)期間，至少有一名平民被槍殺，有報(bào)告稱(chēng)還發(fā)生了其他暴力沖突。

Farmer Ali Mohammad Mia has a stricken look on his face as he watches the unit destroy his field. Pink poppy flowers, green bulbs and broken stems cover the ground when they are done.

農(nóng)民阿里·穆罕默德·米亞臉上帶著沮喪的表情，看著部隊(duì)摧毀他的田地。當(dāng)工作完成時(shí)，粉紅色的罌粟花、綠色的球果和折斷的莖蔓覆蓋了地面。

Why did he cultivate poppy despite the ban, we ask.

我們?cè)儐?wèn)他為什么違反禁令種植罌粟。

"If you have no food at home, and your children are going hungry, what else would you do," he says. "We don't have large pieces of land. If we grew wheat on them we would make a fraction of what we could from opium."

他說(shuō)："如果家里沒(méi)有食物，你的孩子們正在挨餓，你還能做什么呢？我們沒(méi)有大片土地。如果我們?cè)谏厦娣N小麥，我們賺不了罌粟賺的零頭。"

What is remarkable is the speed at which the Taliban carry out the job using only sticks. Six fields, each between 200-300 sq m in size, are cleared in just over half an hour.

值得注意的是，塔利班用棍子在短時(shí)間內(nèi)完成了鏟除工作。在短短半個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)，他們清除了六個(gè)面積在200-300平方米之間的田地。

How do they feel about destroying a source of income for their own people who are going hungry, we ask Toor Khan.

我們問(wèn)圖爾·汗，他們?nèi)绾慰创輾ё约喝说氖杖雭?lái)源，這些人正在挨餓。

"It is the order of our leader. Our allegiance to him is such that if he told my friend to hang me, I would accept it and surrender myself to my friend," he says.

他說(shuō)："這是我們領(lǐng)袖的命令。我們對(duì)他的忠誠(chéng)是如此之高，如果他讓我的朋友把我絞死，我會(huì)接受，并向我的朋友投降。"

Helmand province in the south-west used to be Afghanistan's opium heartland, producing more than half of the country's opium. We travel there independently of the Taliban's anti-narcotics unit, to see first-hand how it now looks.

西南部的赫爾曼德省曾經(jīng)是阿富汗的罌粟中心地帶，生產(chǎn)了該國(guó)超過(guò)一半的罌粟。我們和塔利班的禁毒部隊(duì)分開(kāi)前往該省，親眼看看它現(xiàn)在的情況。

Last year when we were in the province, we saw swathes of land covered with poppy fields. This time we can't spot a single field of the crop.

去年我們?cè)谠撌r(shí)，看到大片土地上覆蓋著罌粟田。這次我們找不到一塊罌粟的田地。


Alcis's analysis shows that poppy cultivation in Helmand has reduced by more than 99%. "The high resolution imagery of Helmand province shows that poppy cultivation is down to less than 1,000 hectares when it was 129,000 hectares the previous year," says David Mansfield.

Alcis的分析顯示，赫爾曼德省的罌粟種植面積減少了99%以上。大衛(wèi)·曼斯菲爾德表示：“赫爾曼德省的高分辨率圖像顯示，罌粟種植面積已經(jīng)下降到不到1,000公頃，而前一年則為129,000公頃?！?/b>
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We meet farmer Niamatullah Dilsoz in the Marjah district - south of Helmand's capital, Lashkar Gah - while he is harvesting wheat. Last year, he grew poppy in the same field. He tells us farmers in Helmand, a Taliban stronghold, have all but complied with the ban.

我們?cè)诶部柤幽喜康鸟R爾賈區(qū)與農(nóng)民尼亞馬圖拉·迪爾索茲見(jiàn)面，他正在收割小麥。去年，他在同一個(gè)地塊種植了罌粟。他告訴我們，塔利班勢(shì)力蔓延的赫爾曼德的農(nóng)民們幾乎都遵守了禁令。

"A few farmers tried to grow poppy in their courtyards hidden behind walls, but the Taliban found out and destroyed those fields," Niamatullah says.

"尼亞馬圖拉說(shuō)：“一些農(nóng)民試圖在他們的庭院里種植罌粟，隱藏在墻后，但是塔利班發(fā)現(xiàn)并摧毀了那些田地。”

Except for the sound of wheat stalks being cut and the calls of birds, it is quiet in the farm. During the war, the field was a front line. Helmand was where UK troops had a base and where they fought some of their fiercest battles.

除了小麥被切割的聲音和鳥(niǎo)兒的叫聲，農(nóng)場(chǎng)里非常安靜。在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，這片田地曾是前線戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。赫爾曼德是英國(guó)部隊(duì)的基地，他們?cè)谀抢镞M(jìn)行了一些最激烈的戰(zhàn)斗。
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Niamatullah is in his early twenties. This is the first time in his life that he doesn't fear being hit by a bomb when venturing out. But for a people already battered by a long war, the opium ban has struck a crushing blow, coming as it does amid an economic collapse which has caused near universal poverty in Afghanistan. Two thirds of the population don't know where their next meal will come from.

尼亞馬圖拉二十出頭。這是他生命中第一次沒(méi)有害怕冒險(xiǎn)被炸彈襲擊。但對(duì)于一個(gè)已經(jīng)被長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)折磨的民族來(lái)說(shuō)，鴉片禁令打擊致命，因?yàn)樗窃诮?jīng)濟(jì)崩潰之際出現(xiàn)的，這導(dǎo)致阿富汗幾乎普遍陷入貧困，三分之二的人口不知道下一餐從哪里來(lái)。

"We are very upset. Wheat earns us less than a quarter of what we used to make from opium," he says. "I can't meet my family's needs. I've had to take a loan. Hunger is at its peak and we haven't got any help from the government."

他說(shuō):“我們非常沮喪。 小麥?zhǔn)杖氩坏轿覀儚睦浰谥匈嵉降乃姆种唬覠o(wú)法滿(mǎn)足家人的需求。 我不得不借款。 饑餓達(dá)到了頂峰，政府沒(méi)有給我們?nèi)魏螏椭?。?/b>

We ask Zabiullah Mujahid, the Taliban government's main spokesman, what his government is doing to help people.

我們問(wèn)塔利班政府的發(fā)言人扎比烏拉·穆賈希德，他的政府正在做事情來(lái)幫助人民。

"We know that people are very poor and they are suffering. But opium's harm outweighed its benefits. Four million of our people from a population of 37 million were suffering from drug addiction. That is a big number," he says. "As far as alternative sources of livelihood go, we want the international community to help Afghans who are facing losses."

他說(shuō):“我們知道人民非常貧困，他們正在受苦。但罌粟帶來(lái)的傷害大于好處。從3700萬(wàn)人口中，有400萬(wàn)人患有藥物成癮。這是個(gè)很大的數(shù)字?！彼f(shuō)：“至于替代生計(jì)，我們希望國(guó)際社會(huì)幫助面臨損失的阿富汗人民?！?/b>

He rejects assertions by the UN, the US and other governments that opium was a major source of income for the Taliban when they were fighting against Western forces and the previous Afghan regime.

他駁斥了聯(lián)合國(guó)、美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家關(guān)于罌粟是塔利班與西方軍隊(duì)和前阿富汗政權(quán)作戰(zhàn)時(shí)的主要收入來(lái)源的說(shuō)法。

How can they expect international organisations to help, when the Taliban government has jeopardised their operations and funding by banning women from working for all NGOs, we ask.

我們不禁要問(wèn)，當(dāng)塔利班政府禁止女性為所有非政府組織工作，從而危及他們的運(yùn)作和資金時(shí)，他們?cè)趺茨苤竿麌?guó)際組織的幫助呢？


"The international community should not lix humanitarian issues with political matters," replies Mujahid. "Opium isn't just harming Afghanistan, the whole world is affected by it. If the world is saved from this big evil then it is only fair that Afghan people receive help in return."

“國(guó)際社會(huì)不應(yīng)將人道主義問(wèn)題與政治問(wèn)題聯(lián)系起來(lái)，”穆賈希德回答道?！傍f片不僅危害阿富汗，整個(gè)世界都受到了影響。如果世界能夠擺脫這個(gè)大惡魔，那么阿富汗人民得到幫助也是公平的?！?/b>

At the source, the impact of the ban on opium prices is already evident. In Kandahar, the spiritual home of the Taliban and traditionally another major poppy-growing area, we meet a farmer who is holding on to a small stash of his harvest from last year - two plastic bags, each about the size of a football, filled with dark, smelly opium resin. We're hiding his identity to protect him.

在鴉片禁令的影響下，鴉片價(jià)格的下降已經(jīng)顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。在坎大哈爾，塔利班的精神家園，也是另一個(gè)主要的罌粟種植區(qū)域，我們遇到了一位農(nóng)民，他手里拿著去年收成的一小部分——兩個(gè)足球大小的塑料袋，裝滿(mǎn)了黑色、發(fā)臭的鴉片樹(shù)脂。我們隱藏了他的身份以保護(hù)他。

"Last year just before the ban, I sold a bag like this for a fifth of what I could get now. I'm waiting for the price to increase further so it can sustain my family for longer. Our situation is very bad. I've already taken a loan to buy food and clothes. Of course, I know opium is harmful, but what's the alternative?" he asks.

“去年就在禁令前，我以現(xiàn)在的五分之一的價(jià)格賣(mài)了一個(gè)像這樣的袋子。我正在等待價(jià)格進(jìn)一步上漲，這樣可以維持家庭更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。我們的情況非常糟糕。我已經(jīng)貸款買(mǎi)了食物和衣服。當(dāng)然，我知道鴉片是有害的，但是還有什么選擇呢？”他問(wèn)道。


It might take a while for the price impact to filter down the chain of illicit drug trafficking to the street price of heroin.

毒品交易鏈條中的價(jià)格影響可能需要一段時(shí)間才能傳導(dǎo)到海洛因的街頭價(jià)格上。

"While opium and heroin prices remain at a 20-year high, they've been falling over the last six months, despite such low levels of poppy cultivation this year," says Mansfield. "This suggests there are significant stocks in the system, and the production and trade in heroin continues. Seizures in neighbouring states and beyond also indicate a shortage of heroin is not imminent."

“盡管今年罌粟種植水平如此之低，但鴉片和海洛因的價(jià)格仍保持在20年高位，并在過(guò)去六個(gè)月內(nèi)出現(xiàn)下降，”曼斯菲爾德說(shuō)?！斑@表明系統(tǒng)中存在大量的庫(kù)存，海洛因的生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易仍在繼續(xù)。鄰國(guó)和其他地方的緝毒行動(dòng)也表明，海洛因短缺并不會(huì)立即發(fā)生?！?/b>

Mike Trace - a former UNODC official - was a senior UK government drugs policy adviser when the Taliban's first regime banned opium cultivation in 2000, a year before the US-led invasion of Afghanistan.

邁克·特雷斯是前聯(lián)合國(guó)毒品和犯罪問(wèn)題辦公室官員，當(dāng)塔利班第一次禁止鴉片種植時(shí)，他是英國(guó)政府的高級(jí)毒品政策顧問(wèn)，那是在美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的阿富汗入侵的一年前。

"That didn't lead to a massive and immediate impact on Western prices and markets, because there is an awful lot of stockpiling by the actors along that drug-trafficking route," he says. "That's the nature of the market and it hasn't fundamentally changed for the last 20 years."

“那并沒(méi)有對(duì)西方的價(jià)格和市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生巨大和直接的影響，因?yàn)檠刂湺韭肪€的各方都進(jìn)行了大量的庫(kù)存，”他說(shuō)?！斑@是市場(chǎng)的本質(zhì)，過(guò)去20年沒(méi)有根本性的改變?！?/b>


Billions of dollars were spent by the US in Afghanistan to try to eradicate opium production and trafficking, in the hope of cutting the Taliban's source of funding.

美國(guó)在阿富汗花費(fèi)了數(shù)十億美元試圖根除鴉片生產(chǎn)和販運(yùn)，希望削減塔利班的資金來(lái)源。

They launched airstrikes on poppy fields in Taliban-controlled territory, burnt opium stocks and conducted raids on drug laboratories.

他們對(duì)塔利班控制的罌粟田進(jìn)行了空襲，焚燒了鴉片庫(kù)存，對(duì)毒品實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行了突襲。

But opium was also grown freely in areas controlled by the US-backed former Afghan regime, something the BBC witnessed prior to the Taliban takeover in 2021.

但是，在美國(guó)支持的前阿富汗政權(quán)控制的地區(qū)，鴉片也被自由種植，這是BBC在2021年塔利班接管之前目睹的。

For now, the Taliban appears to have accomplished in Afghanistan what the West couldn't. But there are questions about how long they can sustain it.

目前，塔利班似乎在阿富汗實(shí)現(xiàn)了西方無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。但是，人們對(duì)他們能夠維持多久存在疑問(wèn)。

As far as heroin addiction in the UK and the rest of Europe goes, Mike Trace says a dramatic reduction in opium cultivation in Afghanistan is likely to alter the type of narcotics consumed. "People are likely to turn to synthetic drugs which can be far more nasty than opium."

至于英國(guó)和歐洲其他地方的海洛因成癮問(wèn)題，邁克·特雷斯表示，阿富汗鴉片種植的大幅減少可能會(huì)改變所消費(fèi)的毒品類(lèi)型。“人們可能會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向合成藥物，這些藥物可能比鴉片更加惡劣?！?br />
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