關(guān)于古羅馬有哪些令人震驚的事實(shí)？
What are some shocking facts about Ancient Rome?
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自從我很小的時(shí)候，我就對(duì)古羅馬帝國(guó)著迷，其中最令我印象深刻和震驚的是羅馬帝國(guó)特別是羅馬城的建筑、工程和工業(yè)規(guī)模。
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I’ve been fascinated by the ancient Roman Empire since I was very young and one of the things I’ve found most impressive and shocking is the scale of architecture, engineering and industry in the Roman Empire, specifically in Rome. This is especially true when compared to medi Europe and Europe in the years following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The dome of the Pantheon in Rome is world’s largest unsupported and unreinforced concrete dome
The Romans built the Pantheon as a temple to all their gods and it had the magnificence to match its purpose. The Pantheon that you can visit in Rome today is nearly 1900 years old. The diameter of the dome is 43,3 metres. For comparison, the dome of the United States Capitol is approximately 29,26 metres. The dome is still the largest unsupported and unreinforced concrete dome in the world.
自從我很小的時(shí)候，我就對(duì)古羅馬帝國(guó)著迷，其中最令我印象深刻和震驚的是羅馬帝國(guó)，特別是羅馬的建筑、工程和工業(yè)規(guī)模。尤其是與中世紀(jì)歐洲和西羅馬帝國(guó)滅亡后的歐洲相比，這一點(diǎn)更加明顯。羅馬萬(wàn)神殿的圓頂是世界上最大的無(wú)支撐和無(wú)加固混凝土圓頂。羅馬人建造萬(wàn)神殿是為了供奉他們所有的神靈，它的壯麗程度與其目的相匹配。今天你可以參觀的羅馬萬(wàn)神殿已經(jīng)有近1900年的歷史了。圓頂?shù)闹睆綖?3.3米。作為比較，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)大廈的圓頂直徑約為29.26米。這個(gè)圓頂仍然是世界上最大的無(wú)支撐和無(wú)加固混凝土圓頂。
One of the most iconic architectural marvels of the Romans is their aqueducts. Most major cities in the empire had at least one aqueduct, and Rome had over 770 km of them. Because the water flowed along the aqueduct through the help of gravity an aqueduct had to be slightly slanted. This meant aqueducts were built as channels along the ground, underground and above the ground, like the picture above.
The aqueducts of Rome transported over a billion litres of water a day. That is more than 400 Olympic sized swimming pools. The aqueducts of the Roman Empire are one of their greatest engineering marvels.
羅馬引水渠
羅馬最具標(biāo)志性的建筑奇跡之一是他們的引水渠系統(tǒng)。帝國(guó)內(nèi)的大多數(shù)主要城市都至少有一個(gè)引水渠，而羅馬則擁有超過(guò)770公里的引水渠。由于水流是通過(guò)引水渠的重力作用流動(dòng)的，因此引水渠必須略微傾斜。這意味著引水渠的建設(shè)形式有地面上的溝渠、地下的暗道和高架式的引水渠，如上圖所示。羅馬的引水渠每天輸送超過(guò)10億升的水。這相當(dāng)于超過(guò)400個(gè)奧林匹克大小的游泳池。羅馬帝國(guó)的引水渠系統(tǒng)是他們最偉大的工程奇跡之一。
The Circus Maximus was a massive chariot-racing stadium in Rome. It measured 621 metres in length and 118 metres in width and could accommodate over 150,000 spectators. A typical race would consist of seven laps, the equivalent of about 11 km. Today the site of the stadium is a national park.
馬克西米爾競(jìng)技場(chǎng)
馬克西米爾競(jìng)技場(chǎng)是羅馬一個(gè)龐大的賽車場(chǎng)，長(zhǎng)621米，寬118米，可容納超過(guò)15萬(wàn)觀眾。一場(chǎng)比賽通常包括七圈，相當(dāng)于大約11公里。今天，這個(gè)競(jìng)技場(chǎng)的遺址是一個(gè)國(guó)家公園。
To supply the empire with the resources it required the Romans mined on a massive scale. The annual combined output of iron, copper and lead from Roman mines was approximately 177,500 tonnes at its height, levels not reached again until the Industrial revolution. The empire’s silver stock is estimated to have been 10,000 tonnes, many times more than the combined stock of medi Europe and the Caliphate by 800 AD.
羅馬采礦
為了滿足帝國(guó)所需的資源，羅馬人進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的采礦。在其鼎盛時(shí)期，羅馬礦山每年產(chǎn)出的鐵、銅和鉛的總量約為177,500噸，這個(gè)水平直到工業(yè)革命時(shí)期才被再次達(dá)到。該帝國(guó)的白銀儲(chǔ)備估計(jì)達(dá)到了10,000噸，是800年時(shí)期中世紀(jì)歐洲和阿拔斯王朝的儲(chǔ)備總和的數(shù)倍。
At its height the empire was divided into 113 provinces and covered a land area of 5 million square km. All of this was connected by roads, of which over 80,000 km were paved. Rome alone had 29 highways radiating from the city. The way in which a public road should be built was determined by strict set of laws known as the Laws of the Twelve Tables. Some Roman roads are still in use today.
The Roman Empire was truly fascinating and still influence us today. Many of the things we use or based on the traditions, inventions, culture, language and laws of the Roman Empire. That is why this is such an interesting question because an answer could truly go on forever.
羅馬道路
在其鼎盛時(shí)期，羅馬帝國(guó)被劃分為113個(gè)省份，覆蓋了500萬(wàn)平方公里的土地。所有這些都由道路連接，在其中超過(guò)80,000公里的道路鋪設(shè)了石頭。僅羅馬市就有29條公路從城市輻射出去。公共道路應(yīng)該如何建造是由嚴(yán)格的一套法律規(guī)定的，被稱為《十二表法》。一些羅馬道路仍在今天使用。
羅馬帝國(guó)真是令人著迷，至今仍對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生影響。我們使用或基于羅馬帝國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)、發(fā)明、文化、語(yǔ)言和法律。這就是為什么這個(gè)問(wèn)題如此有趣，因?yàn)榇鸢缚赡軙?huì)永遠(yuǎn)存在。
1.Nero went around Rome starting street brawls, with guards of course. He only stopped when he was recognized once.
2.Elagabalus dressed as a prostitute and went to local bars.
3.Nero had his mother killed. It was his third try (one was putting her on a boat designed to break up in the water).
4.Nero’s mother had her assassins stab her in the stomach because that was where the womb that produced Nero was.
5.Crassus had a private fire department, subscxtion only. He would have fires started at wealthy residences, arrive with his fire brigade, and then refuse to put out the fire until the house was sold to him at a rock-bottom price. Then he resold it for a huge profit.
1.尼祿在羅馬到處挑起街頭斗毆，當(dāng)然也有衛(wèi)兵。他只有在被人認(rèn)出后才停止。
2.埃拉加巴盧斯打扮成妓女，到當(dāng)?shù)氐木瓢扇ァ?br /> 3. 尼祿三次企圖殺死他的母親，最終成功了（其中一次是將她置身于一個(gè)注定在水中沉沒(méi)的船上）。
4.尼祿的母親讓刺客刺穿了她的腹部，因?yàn)槟鞘巧a(chǎn)尼祿的子宮所在。
5.克拉蘇斯有一個(gè)私人消防隊(duì)，只收錢。他讓富人的住宅起火，帶著他的消防隊(duì)到達(dá)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，然后拒絕滅火，直到房子以最低的價(jià)格賣給他。然后他再把房子轉(zhuǎn)手賣掉，獲得巨額利潤(rùn)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
7.Caesar as consul stole 3000 lbs of gold bars from the treasury and replaced them with gold-coated bronze.
8.The name “Caesar” means “hairy.”
9.Emperor Michael Paleologus had a child co-emperor, John IV Lascaris. He had John’s eyes put out on the boy’s 11th birthday, Christmas day. Micheal’s son, Andronikos II visited John and apologized to him 29 years later
10.Though he did not persecute Christians systematically, Nero executed some number of them after the great fire by having pitch poured on them and set on fire.
11.When the cries of thousands being executed on Sulla’s orders in the Circus Maximus could be heard by senators in the Curia, Sulla said, “They are getting what they deserve.”
12.Getting killed and thrown into the Tiber was bad. Worse was being strangled and then thrown down the Gemonian steps, where the body was left to rot and be scavenged by birds and dogs—and then thrown into the Tiber.
6. 克拉蘇斯在同意出席和談后被帕提亞人斬首。
7. 凱撒作為執(zhí)政官?gòu)膰?guó)庫(kù)中偷走了3000磅金條，并用鍍金青銅條替換了它們。
8. “凱撒”這個(gè)名稱的意思是“多毛的”。
9. 米凱爾·帕萊奧洛古斯皇帝有一個(gè)共治皇帝約翰·拉斯卡里斯。在約翰11歲的生日，即圣誕節(jié)，米凱爾讓人剜掉了約翰的眼睛。29年后，米凱爾的兒子安德洛尼庫(kù)斯二世去看望約翰，并向他道歉。
10. 雖然尼祿沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)地迫害基督徒，但他在大火后執(zhí)行了一些基督徒，讓人們往他們身上倒瀝青，然后點(diǎn)燃他們。
11. 當(dāng)參議員在元老院里聽(tīng)到數(shù)千人在錫拉的命令下在馬克西姆斯競(jìng)技場(chǎng)處被處決的尖叫聲時(shí)，錫拉說(shuō)，“他們得到了應(yīng)得的懲罰。”
12. 被殺并被扔進(jìn)特伯河是不好的，更糟糕的是被勒死然后扔下革莫尼亞樓梯，在那里身體腐爛并被鳥(niǎo)和狗吃掉，然后再被扔進(jìn)特伯河。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.top-shui.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
Shocking fact: if a father refuses to literally “raise” their child into the air they are abandoned outside of the city in infancy. Then anything could happen to them. Eaten by animals, taken by slavers, death by exposure to the weather, anything. Children had no rights. It was only with Christianity that things like adoption and orphanages were established for abandoned children. It's still that way in many third world countries as well.
令人震驚的事實(shí)是，如果一個(gè)父親拒絕把他們的孩子抱起來(lái)，將他們舉到空中，那么這些孩子會(huì)在出生后被遺棄在城市外面。接下來(lái)可能發(fā)生的事情包括被動(dòng)物吃掉，被奴隸販子綁架，死于天氣的影響等等。在那個(gè)時(shí)代，孩子們沒(méi)有任何權(quán)利。只有基督教才建立了收養(yǎng)和孤兒院等機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)照顧被遺棄的孩子。在許多第三世界國(guó)家，這種情況仍然存在。
Many Roman buildings are still used today
Cloaca Maxima 6th century BC . It is the oldest sewer still in use
Arena di Verona Roman Anphiteatre about 50 AD. he Arena di Verona is the largest Roman monument, not only for its artistic value but also for its dimensions: the axes are 152 m. and 123 m. and the height is 30 m. The Arena was erected towards the end of the first century. A.D. It is divided into four zones by the three corridors with a barrel vault, the steps have a base of considerable height at the base and are supported by a radial structure of 73 sectors that rise diagonally.
許多羅馬建筑至今仍在使用
馬克西姆下水道建于公元前6世紀(jì)，是仍在使用的最古老下水道。
維羅納競(jìng)技場(chǎng)公元50年左右建成。維羅納競(jìng)技場(chǎng)是最大的羅馬紀(jì)念碑，不僅在藝術(shù)價(jià)值上如此，也在規(guī)模上如此：主軸為152米和123米，高度為30米。競(jìng)技場(chǎng)建于公元一世紀(jì)末。三條拱廊將其分成四個(gè)區(qū)域，階梯在底部有相當(dāng)高的基座，并由73個(gè)扇區(qū)的徑向結(jié)構(gòu)支撐，呈對(duì)角線上升。
The first mention of the bridge dates back to 207 BC, in relation to the return from the Battle of Metauro during the Second Punic War. The bridge had to be at that time still in wood and its construction must be attributed to a Molvius (belonging to the gens Molvia, attested by the sources). In 110-109 B.C. the censor Marco Emilio Scauro reconstructed the masonry bridge.
Four hundred years later, in 312, in the countryside gravitating towards the bridge, the battle between Constantine I and Massenzio took place, known as the Battle of Ponte Milvio.
米爾維安大橋（Ponte Milvio）公元110年
該橋的首次提及可追溯到公元前207年，與第二次布匿戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間從梅陶羅回歸有關(guān)。該橋當(dāng)時(shí)必須仍然是以木材建造的，其建造必須歸功于一個(gè)名叫莫爾維烏斯（屬于Molvia家族，經(jīng)史料證實(shí)）的人。公元前110-109年，審查官馬可·埃米利奧·斯考羅（Marco Emilio Scauro）重建了這座石橋。
四百年后的312年，在圍繞這座橋的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，君士坦丁大帝和馬克森提烏斗爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)役發(fā)生，被稱為米爾維安大橋戰(zhàn)役（Battle of Ponte Milvio）。
The Pantheon (in ancient Greek: Π?νθεων [?ερ?ν], Pántheon [hierón], "[temple] of all the gods") is a building of ancient Rome located in the Pigna district in the historic center, built as a temple dedicated to all past deities , present and future. It was founded in 27 a.C. by Marco Vipsanio Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus. It was reconstructed by Emperor Hadrian between 120 and 124 AD.
Now is a christian church.
萬(wàn)神殿（古希臘語(yǔ)：Π?νθεων [?ερ?ν]，Pántheon [hierón]，意為“所有神靈的[神殿]”）是古羅馬的一座建筑，位于歷史中心的皮尼亞區(qū)，是一座供奉所有過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)的神靈的神殿。它由奧古斯都的女婿馬可·維普薩尼烏斯·阿格里帕于公元前27年創(chuàng)立。它在公元120年至124年間被皇帝哈德良重建?，F(xiàn)在它是一座基督教教堂。
I don’t know how shocking to professional historians, but to your average high schooler:
1) 1/3 of Rome's population were slaves.
2) Roman law allowed married men to kill their wives (but I don’t know that a single proof has been found any took advantage of the law).
3) All the lurid sex lives of the Emperors as in “I, Claudius” has dubious basis, since the examples we have largely come from each emperor’s enemies writing after each was gone to curry favor with the new powers.
4) Roman aquaducts and the underlayer of roads still exist (think of how unlikely it is that our water systems and roads will be visible in 2000 years).
我不知道對(duì)于專業(yè)歷史學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)有多震撼，但對(duì)于一般的高中生來(lái)說(shuō)：
1）羅馬人口中有三分之一是奴隸。
2）羅馬法律允許已婚男性殺死他們的妻子（但似乎沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明有人利用此法律）。
3）關(guān)于羅馬皇帝們淫亂的性生活，如《我，克勞迪烏斯》中所描述的，存在著可疑的基礎(chǔ)，因?yàn)槲覀兯鶕碛械睦雍艽蟪潭壬蟻?lái)自于每個(gè)皇帝的敵人在他們逝世后寫(xiě)下的以博得新權(quán)力的青睞。
4）羅馬的水道和地下道路仍然存在（想想看我們的水系統(tǒng)和道路在2000年后仍然能被看到是何等不可思議）。
6) We still can’t say precisely why Rome fell (theories include lead poisoning in the water, hyperinflation through debasement of the currency, failure to keep expanding, Christianity…).
7) Rome had the same fear of foreign religious beliefs that most Americans now do of Islam (Judaism was ancient, so it was respected but Christianity was not).
8) The Mithra cult was more popular among Roman soldiers than the Roman gods were.
9) 1/10 of Rome might have been Jewish.
10) Some of the famous “barbarians” who invaded thought of themselves as bicultural Romans fluent in Latin and Roman ways but simply responding to Roman treachery (sometimes Rome promised sanctuary and then slaughtered the migrants instead of welcoming them).
5）盡管羅馬征服了廣泛的領(lǐng)土，但它逐漸向征服領(lǐng)土中的自由人授予公民身份，這個(gè)范圍也在不斷擴(kuò)大。
6）我們?nèi)匀粺o(wú)法確切地說(shuō)出羅馬為什么會(huì)衰落（理論包括水中的鉛中毒、通貨膨脹、未能繼續(xù)擴(kuò)張、基督教等等）。
7）羅馬對(duì)外來(lái)宗教信仰的恐懼與現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)美國(guó)人對(duì)伊斯蘭教的恐懼相似（猶太教是古老的宗教，因此受到尊重，但基督教則不是）。
8）米特拉崇拜在羅馬士兵中比羅馬神祇更受歡迎。
9）羅馬可能有十分之一的人口是猶太人。
10）一些著名的“野蠻人”入侵者認(rèn)為自己是精通拉丁語(yǔ)和羅馬文化的雙文化羅馬人，但是他們只是在回應(yīng)羅馬的背叛（有時(shí)羅馬承諾提供庇護(hù)，然后屠殺移民，而不是歡迎他們）。
I. There was no distinction between “heterosexual” and “homosexual.” Being attracted to both genders was considered the norm. More disturbingly, pedophilia was totally legal.
II. The majority of Roman emperors died by assassination, because they didn’t have a clear system of succession. Because of this, sculptors would sometimes only make an image of an emperor’s head, and attach it to a generic body.
III. A “vomitorium” wasn’t actually a room to vomit in; it was a corridor in a stadium. However, some wealthy Romans may have vomited at feasts to make room for more food, and a few emperors may have suffered from bulimia.
IV. Famous gladiators would earn money by sponsoring products, just like modern athletes.
I. 在古羅馬，沒(méi)有“異性戀”和“同性戀”的區(qū)分。被兩性都吸引被認(rèn)為是正常的。更令人不安的是，戀童癖在當(dāng)時(shí)完全是合法的。
II. 大多數(shù)羅馬皇帝都死于刺殺，因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有一個(gè)清晰的繼承制度。因此，雕塑家有時(shí)只制作皇帝頭像，然后將其連接到一個(gè)通用的身體上。
III. “嘔吐室”實(shí)際上不是一個(gè)嘔吐的房間；它是一個(gè)體育場(chǎng)館里的走廊。然而，一些富裕的羅馬人可能在宴會(huì)上嘔吐，給自己留出更多的空間吃更多的食物，而一些皇帝可能患有暴食癥。
IV. 著名的角斗士會(huì)通過(guò)贊助產(chǎn)品來(lái)賺錢，就像現(xiàn)代的運(yùn)動(dòng)員一樣。
VI. The Romans had fast food restaurants, heating and air conditioning, apartment buildings, and shopping malls.
VII. The Romans were familiar with the famous Barbary Lion, a now-extinct lion from North Africa that was bigger than other lions and had a darker mane. These were the ones mostly used in blood sports, and they must have looked really scary!
VIII. To the Romans, an hour in the summer was longer than an hour in the winter.
IX. New Roman emperors distributed free coins with their images on them to get the public on their side. One legend about Caligula was that he distributed coins that were still hot, literally burning his image into people’s hands.
X. After Roman generals conquered new territory, they would sometimes have victory parades that included enslaved natives from the new provinces as living decorations on parade floats.
Sources: lots and lots of YouTube videos about ancient Rome.
V. 古羅馬婦女在經(jīng)期時(shí)會(huì)使用鴉片緩解疼痛。
VI. 羅馬人擁有快餐店、暖氣空調(diào)、公寓樓和購(gòu)物中心。
VII. 羅馬人熟悉著名的貝比利亞獅，這是一種現(xiàn)已滅絕的北非獅子，比其他獅子更大，并具有較深的鬃毛。它們大多被用于血腥運(yùn)動(dòng)，一定看起來(lái)非?？膳?！
VIII. 對(duì)于羅馬人來(lái)說(shuō)，夏天的一小時(shí)比冬天長(zhǎng)。
IX. 新的羅馬皇帝會(huì)發(fā)放帶有自己形象的免費(fèi)硬幣以獲取民眾支持。關(guān)于卡利古拉的傳說(shuō)之一是，他分發(fā)的硬幣還帶有熱度，直接將他的形象烙在人們手上。
X. 在羅馬將領(lǐng)征服新領(lǐng)土后，他們有時(shí)會(huì)舉行勝利巡游，包括來(lái)自新省的被奴役的土著人作為游行花車上的裝飾品。
來(lái)源：很多關(guān)于古羅馬的YouTube視頻。
1.While Romans had the concept of fractions, they did NOT put it into writing (src: internet post another online user)
EDIT: I was informed that this isn’t quite true, and it looks like I stand corrected!… Roman numerals - Wikipedia
However, it’s still fascinating to me that according to that source, they had no way to write 0 (this was mentioned in the section just above it.. they just call it “nulla”), and even though the fraction system they have is intuitive (especially if you know whole number Roman numerals), it still uses a different notation (unlike the decimal system we’re accustomed to), and can only denote in 1/12 increments (although I suspect that may have been more than sufficient for their time).
For example:
-Each soldier takes a shield and sword amongst the whole armory
-I will take 1.5 loaves of bread for my family
-Splitting a basket of fruit 3 ways
-Cutting a man down in half
However, it’s not something that could be written. You won’t see something like “’Roman citizenus’ took I.V loaves of bread for his family”, or “I took I/III of the fruit basket”.
2.Rome was founded by a bunch of convicts and fugitives
(src: The History of Rome podcast, episode 1)
http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/
They needed people for their new city, but didn’t have a lot of people at first, so they weren’t picky on who wanted in.
3.Starting off, they had to lure women in, and keep them in (against their will) in order for their city to grow
(src: The History of Rome podcast, episode 2.. or episode 3?)
http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/
4.Roman soldiers who deserted were crucified (src: Rome TV series)
5.The Colosseum started off solid enough that it could be flooded to reenact sea battles with ships, but was made hollow to allow trap doors elevators, and other compartments all around (src: HC documentary)
6.Nero had statues of gods decapitated and replaced with statues of his own head (src: HC)
This was considered crazy even for a Roman emperor
1.盡管羅馬人有分?jǐn)?shù)的概念，但他們并沒(méi)有將其寫(xiě)入文獻(xiàn)中。不過(guò)據(jù)維基百科，情況似乎并非如此。然而，令人著迷的是，根據(jù)該來(lái)源，他們沒(méi)有辦法寫(xiě)出“0”（這在上面的章節(jié)中提到過(guò)），即使他們的分?jǐn)?shù)系統(tǒng)很直觀（特別是如果你知道羅馬數(shù)字），它仍然使用了不同的表示法（不像我們習(xí)慣的十進(jìn)制系統(tǒng)），并且只能表示為1/12的增量（盡管我懷疑對(duì)于當(dāng)時(shí)來(lái)說(shuō)這可能已經(jīng)足夠了）。
例如：
-每個(gè)士兵從整個(gè)武器庫(kù)中取盾和劍
-我會(huì)給家里帶1.5個(gè)面包
-將一籃水果分成三份
-將一個(gè)人斬成兩半
但這不是可以寫(xiě)下來(lái)的東西。你不會(huì)看到類似“‘羅馬公民’為他的家庭帶了4個(gè)面包”的描述，或者“我從水果籃子中拿了1/III”。
2.羅馬是由一群罪犯和逃犯創(chuàng)立的。
3.一開(kāi)始，他們需要吸引婦女進(jìn)城，并強(qiáng)制留住她們以便城市發(fā)展。
4.羅馬士兵如果逃亡會(huì)被釘在十字架上。
5.羅馬斗獸場(chǎng)最初是實(shí)心的，可以灌滿水來(lái)再現(xiàn)海戰(zhàn)，但之后被挖空以方便舞臺(tái)降落、升降機(jī)和其他隔間的使用。
6.尼祿曾將神像的頭砍下來(lái)，換成自己的頭像，這甚至在羅馬皇帝中也被認(rèn)為是瘋狂的。
8.In the Star Trek universe, the Romulan and Reman races drew heavy influences by actual Roman history, including terminology and concepts (e.g. Praetor, Senate), even having twins… in this case twin planets Romulus and Remus, with the latter “drawing the short straw” (its people are subjugated and forced into slave labor)
9.One of the Pantheon’s main claim to fame was it was the first building to have a large interior space… something that was brand new in the ancient world (src: HC)
Sure, larger buildings existed, and were built faar sooner. However, they were more cramped interior-wise since the architectural materials and knowledge at the time required that “crampness” to keep buildings structurally sound
7. Nero Burning ROM這個(gè)軟件允許用戶將數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)字內(nèi)容刻錄到光盤上，它的名字來(lái)源于當(dāng)時(shí)尼祿擔(dān)任羅馬皇帝時(shí)發(fā)生的大火。無(wú)論他是否是導(dǎo)致火災(zāi)的原因，有些資料表明他在事件中唱歌彈琴。
8. 在《星際迷航》宇宙中，紅衣主教星人和雷曼星人的種族受到真實(shí)的羅馬歷史的重大影響，包括術(shù)語(yǔ)和概念（例如執(zhí)政官、參議院），甚至有一對(duì)雙胞胎...在這種情況下是羅慕路斯和雷穆斯，后者“倒霉了”（它的人民被征服并被迫勞役）。
9. 羅馬萬(wàn)神殿最著名的一點(diǎn)是，它是第一座擁有大型內(nèi)部空間的建筑，這在古代世界是全新的（資料來(lái)源：HC）。當(dāng)然，更大的建筑物早就存在并且已經(jīng)建成。但是，由于當(dāng)時(shí)的建筑材料和知識(shí)要求“擁擠”才能保持建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性，它們?cè)趦?nèi)部空間方面更加狹窄。
It was customary to wash your hands upon entering a temple. One such temple had a coin operated system where you put in a coin, it activated a lever within, and a set amount of water would pour out. To ancients, this was literally considered magical/mystical!
11.When Rome got its aqueduct, there were 3 main lines…
One for the commoners, one for the wealthy, and another for the emperor’s grounds (src: HC)
12.When Rome got its aqueduct sabotaged, there wasn’t enough water to support the city. Its population of 1 million was reported to have been reduced down to 1%… only 10K people! (src: HC)
13.A vomitorium isn’t for vomiting! It’s defined as: each of a series of entrance or exit passages in an ancient Roman amphitheater or theater.
10. 古代羅馬就有自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)?。▉?lái)源：HC）
進(jìn)入廟宇時(shí)，習(xí)慣上要先洗手。其中一座廟宇有一個(gè)投幣系統(tǒng)，你投入硬幣，它內(nèi)部的杠桿就會(huì)被激活，然后一定量的水就會(huì)倒出來(lái)。對(duì)于古人來(lái)說(shuō)，這實(shí)在是太神奇/神秘了！
11.當(dāng)羅馬修建了自己的水渠時(shí)，有三條主要路線……
一條為普通人，一條為富人，還有一條為皇帝的領(lǐng)地。（來(lái)源：HC）
12. 當(dāng)羅馬的水渠遭到破壞時(shí)，無(wú)法提供足夠的水支撐城市，據(jù)報(bào)道，其100萬(wàn)人口的人口減少了99％，只剩下1萬(wàn)人！（來(lái)源：HC）
13. 嘔吐室并非為嘔吐而設(shè)！其含義為：在古羅馬的圓形競(jìng)技場(chǎng)或劇院中，每個(gè)入口或出口的通道。
When a Roman aristocrat died, an actor known as the archimimus ('chief mime, clown, imitator') would impersonate him at the funeral ceremonies, acting and speaking like the deceased, wearing the funeral mask of the dead man and the clothes and insignia of the highest public office he had ever held.
This act could sometimes devolve into a comedy skit, such as in the funeral of the proverbially stingy Vespasian, as retold by Suetonius:
當(dāng)羅馬貴族去世時(shí)，一個(gè)名為“archimimus”（意為“首席模仿者、小丑、模仿者”）的演員會(huì)在葬禮儀式上扮演他，表演和說(shuō)話的方式都像已故者一樣，戴著死者的葬禮面具和他曾經(jīng)擔(dān)任的最高公職的服裝和徽章。
這種表演有時(shí)會(huì)演變成喜劇，比如在韋帕薌（Vespasian）的葬禮上，就像蘇維托尼烏斯所描述的那樣，韋帕薌先因吝嗇而出了名，他的葬禮可能變成了一個(gè)喜劇節(jié)目。
Once ritual had lost its appeal and signification, demoted or hijacked by the surgent imperial power, public spectacle, especially during the Principate, took its place as the center of civic life. If we follow Tacitus and Suetonius, our main historians for the period, it was one of the emperor’s chief concerns to provide for public spectacle, and to anticipate and react to the emotions of the audience.
The Emperors - not entirely dissimilar to the modern US Presidency - were as much chief executives as entertainers.
在共和國(guó)時(shí)期，羅馬的政治生活中心是儀式（其中可以列舉許多，但也許最重要的是五年一次的人口普查，決定每個(gè)公民在社會(huì)秩序中的地位）。
一旦儀式失去了吸引力和意義，被新興帝國(guó)權(quán)力貶低或篡奪，公共表演，特別是在君主制時(shí)期，取代了其成為市民生活的中心。如果我們遵循該時(shí)期的主要?dú)v史學(xué)家塔西佗（Tacitus）蘇維托尼烏斯（Suetonius），提供公共表演是皇帝的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)之一，而且要預(yù)見(jiàn)并及時(shí)反應(yīng)觀眾的情緒。
The masses were beholden to their imperial patron and could be counted upon to perform the political dirty work of cajoling the Roman senatorial aristocracy into submission. But for this relationship to work, they had to see their emperor, and receive from him those key signals in the subtle body language of political patronage: when direct action against the enemies of the emperor would be tolerated, when it would not - as those who have experienced populistic regimes know, it is more of an horizontal relationship that could be expected, and sometimes the mob can dictate its terms to the leader too.
The people could sometimes be very harsh and impudent about telling the emperor that the reins of power ultimately lay in their own, clasping hands:
在羅馬邊界之外，在羅馬帝國(guó)內(nèi)部，帝國(guó)權(quán)力的性質(zhì)是嚴(yán)格的軍事性質(zhì)：皇帝是羅馬軍隊(duì)的最高統(tǒng)帥。而在羅馬境內(nèi)，奧古斯都開(kāi)創(chuàng)了一種以國(guó)家為無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)群眾提供食品和娛樂(lè)為基礎(chǔ)的民粹主義政權(quán)。
群眾對(duì)其皇帝的贊助人感恩戴德，并可以指望他們執(zhí)行政治上的骯臟工作，迫使羅馬參議院貴族屈服。但是為了使這種關(guān)系有效，他們必須“看到”他們的皇帝，并從他那里接收那些微妙的政治贊助人體語(yǔ)言中的關(guān)鍵信號(hào)：皇帝是否容忍直接行動(dòng)反對(duì)敵人 - 正如那些經(jīng)歷過(guò)民粹主義政權(quán)的人所知道的那樣，這更像是一種水平關(guān)系，有時(shí)甚至是暴民也能向領(lǐng)袖發(fā)號(hào)施令。
人民有時(shí)會(huì)非常嚴(yán)厲和粗魯?shù)馗嬖V皇帝，掌握權(quán)力的韁繩最終掌握在他們自己的手中。